Dragons of the Air: An Account of Extinct Flying ReptilesSeeley, H. G. (Harry Govier)
Science
Dragons of the Air: An Account of Extinct Flying Reptiles
Seeley, H. G. (Harry Govier)
Pterosauria
Such are the more remarkable characters of the bones in a type of animal
life which was more anomalous than any other which peopled the earth in
the Secondary Epoch of geological time. Its skeleton in different parts
resembles Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals; with modifications and
combinations so singular that they might have been deemed impossible if
Nature's power of varying the skeleton could be limited. Since
Ornithosaurs were provided with wings, we may believe the animals to
some extent to have resembled birds in habit. Their modes of progression
were more varied, for the structures indicate an equal capacity for
movement on land as a biped, or as a quadruped, with movement in the
air. There is little evidence to support the idea that they were usually
aquatic animals. The majority of birds which frequent the water have
their bodies stored with fat and the bones of their extremities filled
with marrow. And a bird's marrow bones are stouter and stronger than
those which are filled with air. There are few, if any, bones of
Pterodactyles so thick as to suggest the conclusion that they contained
marrow, and the bones of the extremities appear to have been
constructed on the lightest type found among terrestrial birds. Their
thinness, except in a few specimens from the Wealden rocks, is
marvellous; and all the later Pterodactyles show the arrangement, as in
birds, by which air from the lungs is conveyed to the principal bones.
No Pterodactyle has shown any trace of the web-footed condition seen in
birds which swim on the water, unless the diverging bones of the hind
foot in Rhamphorhynchus supports that inference. The bones of the hind
foot are relatively small, and if it were not that a bird stands easily
upon one foot, might be considered scarcely adequate to support the
animal in the position which terrestrial birds usually occupy. Yet, as
compared with the length and breadth of the foot in an Ostrich, the toes
of an Ornithosaur are seen to be ample for support. These facts appear
to discourage the idea that the animals were equally at home on land and
water, and in air.
Some light may be thrown upon the animal's habits by the geological
circumstances under which the remains are found. The Pterodactyle named
Dimorphodon, from the Lias of the south of England, is associated with
evidences of terrestrial land animals, the best known of which is
Scelidosaurus, an armoured Dinosaur adapted by its limbs for progression
on land. And the Pterodactyle Campylognathus, from the Lias of Whitby,
is associated with trunks of coniferous trees and remains of Insects. So
that the occurrence of Pterodactyles in a marine stratum is not
inconsistent with their having been transported by streams from off the
old land surface of the Lias, on which coniferous trees grew and
Dinosaurs lived.
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