An interesting series of experiments, bearing directly upon the use of the ligature in such cases, were made by Mr. Georges,[29] at the Paris Society of Practical Medicine, some of which were conducted for this gentleman by M. Claude Bernard. These experiments consisted in “injecting poisonous substances into the cellular tissue, with the view of showing the far greater safety and certainty of the hypodermic method as a means of administering, medicinally, highly-poisonous substances. He injected quantities of codeine, atropine and especially strychnine, which would surely cause death in the absence of precautions for preventing the too rapid introduction of the poisons. These injections were practiced without danger in the dog’s paw, the passage of the poison into the veins being checked by the forcible application of a ligature around the paw. To render the experiment still more striking, he resolved to employ injections of the most dangerous of poisons—curare—and M. Claude Bernard conducted them for him. A solution containing about five centigrams of curare (sufficient to kill more than fifty dogs of the size of the one operated upon), was injected into the paw, and in twenty minutes the animal fell on its side. The paw was now firmly tied, and at the end of about twenty minutes the animal arose. _Whenever the ligature was loosened he again fell down, sometimes at the end of ten minutes, and sometimes in a shorter period_,[30] and in this way it became possible to dose with complete certainty, according to the effect desired to be produced, the quantity of poison to be absorbed. The next day the dog was found on his three paws, only suffering from the swelling caused in the fourth by the injections. The ligature was removed and he was soon all right. “The same experiment performed on another dog was followed by the same results, the animal being caused to fall or rise at the end of five, ten, or fifteen minutes, accordingly as the paw was tied or untied. This dog, however, next morning, on the removal of the ligature, fell down again, all the poison not having had time to become eliminated by the urine, so that it was necessary to reapply the ligature. M. Georges points out the superiority of the endermic method, when we have to administer powerful substances, as we may apportion the dose with an exactitude, according to the tolerance of the disease and idiosyncrasy of the patient, quite unattainable when administered internally.”