It was discovered and used by the Spaniards early in the sixteenth century, and in Queen Elizabeth’s reign was introduced into England, much against the wishes of the older school of dyers who furiously denounced it as producing fugitive colors, and had its use prohibited by Act of Parliament. It was over a hundred years before the real value of the dyestuff was appreciated, and this law was repealed. The operation of extracting the coloring matter from the wood itself, of which it forms only some three per cent. by weight, is a troublesome and delicate one. The logs are chipped or rasped into fine pieces, then moistened and piled in heaps and the color developed by a process of fermentation. Accordingly, extracts of logwood have been put on the market by various large firms, especially of late years, and, while the use of the wood itself by dyers has for the most part been abandoned, these extracts are widely used for dyeing blacks upon silk, in spite of there now being many excellent acid blacks. The dyeing process, too, is rather complicated, for the goods must be carefully mordanted before dyeing, with salts of iron, chromium, or tin. For this reason wool is rarely dyed with logwood. It is, however, still used for silk dyeing, partly because it gives very full, deep, permanent shades of black, but principally because, by using one mordant after another before dyeing, it is possible to increase enormously the weight of the dyed silk, at very moderate expense. _Turkey Red._—The use of madder which, as before mentioned, was probably known to the ancients, was greatly developed during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, owing to the introduction from the near East of the so-called Turkey red process for obtaining, upon cotton and wool, very fast and very brilliant shades of scarlet. The process took some three months, and consisted of an elaborate series of mordanting operations, before the dyeing proper began. The goods were first soaked in a bath of some fatty material, such as milk or, later, rancid olive oil, and then dried carefully. After this they were soaked in a bath of alum and then in limewater, or a chalk bath—and these operations were repeated over and over, with various manipulations in between. Finally, the mordanted material was dyed by boiling it in a bath containing the finely-ground madder root, and then “brightened” by washing out, in a boiling soap bath, all the loose color and the unfixed mordant. This process was repeated until the proper shade was reached.