This, of course, means that the cost of dyeing cloth with these dyes is very much less than with the other classes mentioned. And, by the way, it also explains why, under the name of Turkey red, so many extremely bad colors have been sold. To dye Turkey red on cotton, using alizarine, and with the most improved and simplified methods, necessitates at least six or seven different steps, each of which requires not only time and expense, but great skill and care; and any one of them, if carelessly performed, may spoil the goods. On the other hand, a mere beginner, by using one of the early, bright, direct colors (quite cheap in itself, because the patents have expired) can, by boiling the goods for half an hour in a dye-bath with a little soap and salt in it, produce a piece of cloth dyed almost the exact shade of the old Turkey red, for probably one-third, or one-quarter of the price. It will look the same on the shop counter; will probably sell just as well to the average, or even to the painstaking customer; but when exposed to air and light for a few weeks, perhaps even for a few days, will lose its brilliancy, and turn some queer, dull shade, probably of purple. Indeed this particular substitution has been going on for some years on a large scale; and at one time promised to be of some international importance. The Turkey red dyers in Manchester, a few years ago, complained bitterly to the English Government that their market in India was falling off very seriously; and they demanded an investigation, to know what was the matter. After careful inquiry by the local officials, word came back that there was no difference in the taste of the people for bright scarlet clothes and headgear. Just as much red was worn as ever before. But active agents of the large German color houses had been going through the country, introducing some of these cheap direct cotton scarlets and showing the natives how to use them. And in consequence, up and down India in all the little towns, even in the villages, local dyers were at work who, for a few cents, would dye up an old piece of calico bright red. When it became faded again in a few weeks, they would dye it over again for a very small sum, thus renewing the same piece whenever it was desirable to appear in bright, new clothes.