450 (?) English defeat Picts at Stamford (?) [V.B. 2] Theodosius II. dies Valentinian III. 455 (?) Battle of Aylesford begins English conquest of Britain (?) [V.D. 2] CONTENTS CHAPTER I PRE-ROMAN BRITAIN § A.--Palaeolithic Age--Extinct fauna--River-bed men--Flint implements--Burnt stones--Worked bones--Glacial climate ... _p_. 25 § B.--Neolithic Age--"Ugrians"--Polished flints--Jadite--Gold ornaments--Cromlechs--Forts--Bronze Age--Copper and tin--Stonehenge ... _p_. 28 § C.--Aryan immigrants--Gael and Briton--Earliest classical nomenclature--British Isles--Albion--Ierne--Cassiterides--Phoenician tin trade _viâ_ Cadiz ... _p_. 31 § D.--Discoveries of Pytheas--Greek tin trade _viâ_ Marseilles--Trade routes--Ingots--Coracles--Earliest British coins--Lead-mining ... _p_. 34 § E.--Pytheas trustworthy--His notes on Britain--Agricultural tribes--Barns--Manures--Dene Holes--Mead--Beer--Parched corn--Pottery--Mill-stones--Villages--Cattle--Pastoral tribes--Savage tribes--Cannibalism--Polyandry--Beasts of chase--Forest trees--British clothing and arms--Sussex iron ... _p_. 39 § F.--Celtic types--"Roy" and "Dhu"--Gael--Silurians--Loegrians--Basque peoples--Shifting of clans--Constitutional disturbances--Monarchy --Oligarchy--Demagogues--First inscribed coins ... _p_. 50 § G.--Clans at Julian invasion--Permanent natural boundaries--Population Celtic settlements--"Duns"--Maiden Castle ... _p_. 54 § H.--Religious state of Britain--Illustrated by Hindooism--Totemists--Polytheists--Druids--Bards--Seers--Druidic Deities--Mistletoe--Sacred herbs--"Ovum Anguinum"--Suppression of Druidism--Druidism and Christianity _p_. 62 CHAPTER II THE JULIAN INVASION B.C. 55, 54 § A.--Caesar and Britain--Breakdown of Roman Republican institutions--Corruption abroad and at home--Rise of Caesar--Conquest of Gaul ... _p_. 73 § B.--Sea-fight with Veneti and Britons--Pretexts for invading Britain--British dominion of Divitiacus--Gallic tribes in Britain--Atrebates--Commius ... _p_. 79 § C.--Defeat of Germans--Bridge over Rhine--Caesar's army--Dread of ocean--Fleet at Boulogne--Commius sent to Britain--Channel crossed--Attempt on Dover--Landing at Deal--Legionary sentiment--British army dispersed ... _p_. 83 § D.--Wreck of fleet--Fresh British levy--Fight in corn-field--British chariots--Attack on camp--Romans driven into sea ... _p_. 94 § E.--Caesar worsted--New fleet built--Caesar at Rome--Cicero--Expedition of 54 B.C.--Unopposed landing--Pro-Roman Britons--Trinobantes--Mandubratius--British army surprised--"Old England's Hole" ... _p_. 102 § F.--Fleet again wrecked--Britons rally under Caswallon--Battle of Barham Down--Britons fly to London--Origin of London--Patriot army dispersed ... _p_. 112 § G.--Passage of Thames--Submission of clans--Storm of Verulam--Last patriot effort in Kent--Submission of Caswallon--Romans leave Britain--"Caesar Divus" ... _p_. 118 CHAPTER III THE ROMAN CONQUEST