[7] In 29 B.C., one hundred and seventeen years after the destruction of Carthage at the end of the Punic wars, a new town was founded near the old site by the emperor Augustus. It became in time the third city of the Roman Empire. It was destroyed by the Arabs in 698 A.D. [8] See page 158. [9] See pages 184 and 197. [10] Corinth offered too good a site to remain long in ruins. Resettled in 46 B.C. as a Roman colony, it soon became one of the great cities in the empire. It was to the Corinthians that St Paul wrote two of his _Epistles_. [11] The Greeks were not again a free people until the nineteenth century of our era. In 1821 A.D. they rose against their Turkish masters in a glorious struggle for liberty. Eight years later the powers of Europe forced the Sultan to recognize the freedom of Greece. That country then became an independent kingdom, with its capital at Athens. [12] See pages 39-40 and 104. [13] In 133 B.C. there were eight provinces--Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica, Hither Spain, Farther Spain, Illyricum, Africa, Macedonia, and Asia. See the map facing page 184. [14] In the New Testament "publicans and sinners" are mentioned side by side. See _Matthew_, ix, 10. [15] _Latifundia perdidere Italiam_ (Pliny, _Natural History_, xviii, 7). [16] See page 155. [17] Horace, _Epistles_, ii, 1, 156. [18] See page 103. [19] See page 150. [20] See page 155, note 2. [21] See page 150. [22] See page 204. [23] Plutarch, Sulla, 38. [24] Suetonius, _Julius Caesar_, 32. [25] _Veni, vidi, vici_ (Suetonius, _Julius Caesar_, 37). [26] Hence our word "emperor." [27] Before Caesar's reform (46 B.C.) the Roman year consisted of 12 months and 355 days. As this lunar year, like that of the Greeks, was shorter than the solar year, it had been necessary to intercalate an additional month, of varying length, in every alternate year. Caesar adopted the more accurate Egyptian calendar of 365 days and instituted the system of leap years. His rearrangement made the year 11 minutes, 14 seconds too long. By 1582 A.D. this difference had amounted to nearly 10 days. Pope Gregory XIII modified the "Julian Calendar" by calling Oct. 5, 1582, Oct. 15, and continuing the count 10 days in advance. This "Gregorian Calendar" was adopted by Great Britain in 1752 A.D. and subsequently by other Protestant countries. It has not won acceptance in Russia and Greece. The difference between the two systems--the Old Style and the New Style--is now about 13 days. [28] His name was Octavius, but after his adoption by Caesar he called himself Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus. [29] Cicero, _Letters_, xix, 20. [30] See page 185. [31] See page 127. [32] See page 160. CHAPTER IX THE EARLY EMPIRE: THE WORLD UNDER ROMAN RULE, 31 B.C.-l80 A.D. [1] 66. AUGUSTUS, 31 B.C.-l4 A.D. [Illustration: AUGUSTUS (Vatican Museum, Rome)] THE EARLY EMPIRE, 31 B.C.-180 A.D.