Far away in the north, remote from the noisy conflicts of Greek political life, a new power was slowly rising to imperial greatness--no insignificant city-state, but an extensive territorial state like those of modern times. Three years after the battle of Mantinea Philip II ascended the throne of Macedonia. He established Hellenic unity by bringing the Hellenic people within a widespread empire. Alexander the Great, the son of this king, carried Macedonian dominion and Greek culture to the ends of the known world. To this new period of ancient history we now turn. STUDIES 1. On an outline map indicate the principal places mentioned in this chapter. 2. On an outline map indicate the Athenian allies and dependencies and those of Sparta at the opening of the Peloponnesian War. 3. What do you understand by a "decisive" battle? Why has Marathon been considered such a battle? 4. Why did Xerxes take the longer route through Thrace, instead of the shorter route followed by Datis and Artaphernes? 5. What was the importance of the Phoenician fleet in the Persian invasions? 6. What reasons can be given for the Greek victory in the struggle against Persia? 7. Distinguish between a confederacy and an empire. 8. Compare the relations of the Delian subject cities to Athens with those of British colonies, such as Canada and Australia, to England. 9. What do you understand by representative government? 10. If the Athenian Empire could have rested on a representative basis, why would it have been more likely to endure? 11. How far can the phrase "government of the people, by the people, for the people" be applied to the Athenian democracy? 12. Did the popular assembly of Athens have any resemblance to a New England town meeting? 13. Compare the Athenian jury system with that of England and the United States. 14. The Athenian democracy of the time of Pericles has been described as a _pure_ democracy and not, like the American, as a _representative_ democracy. In what lies the difference? 15. Can you suggest any objections to the system of state pay introduced by Pericles? To what extent do we employ the same system under our government? 16. What conditions of the time help to explain the contempt of the Greeks for money-making? 17. Trace on the map, page 107, the Long Walls of Athens. 18. Why has the Peloponnesian War been called an "irrepressible conflict"? Why has it been called the "suicide of Greece"? 19. What states of the Greek mainland were neutral in the Peloponnesian War (map facing page 108)? 20. Contrast the resources of the contending parties. Where was each side weak and where strong? 21. Why was the tyranny of Sparta more oppressive than that of Athens? 22. What were the reasons for the failure of the Athenian, Spartan, and Theban attempts at empire? FOOTNOTES