[1] Webster, _Readings in Ancient History_, chapter vii, "Xerxes and the Persian Invasion of Greece"; chapter viii, "Episodes from the Peloponnesian War"; chapter ix, "Alcibiades the Athenian"; chapter x, "The Expedition of the Ten Thousand"; chapter xi, "The Trial and Death of Socrates." [2] See the map facing page 38. [3] See page 87. [4] See the illustration, page 99. [5] Thucydides, i, 18. [6] See page 272. [7] Herodotus, vii, 228. [8] See the map on page 107. [9] See page 96. [10] See page 83. [11] See the map facing page 108. [12] See page 155. [13] See page 44. [14] The commercial importance of Athens is indicated by the general adoption of her monetary standard by the other Greek states. (For illustrations of Greek coins see the plate facing page 134.) [15] Thucydides, ii, 38. [16] See the map, page 107. [17] For a description of ancient Athens, see pages 288-292. [18] Thucydides, ii, 41. [19] Thucydides, ii, 8. [20] Thucydides, i, 118. [21] Thucydides, vii, 87. CHAPTER VI MINGLING OF EAST AND WEST AFTER 359 B.C. [1] 39. PHILIP AND THE RISE OF MACEDONIA MACEDONIA AND THE MACEDONIANS The land of Macedonia, lying to the north of Greece, for a long time had been an inconspicuous part of the ancient world. Its people, though only partially civilized, were Greeks in blood and language. No doubt they formed an offshoot of those northern invaders who had entered the Balkan peninsula before the dawn of history. The Macedonian kings, from the era of the Persian wars, seized every opportunity of spreading Greek culture throughout their realm. By the middle of the fourth century B.C., when Philip II ascended the throne, the Macedonians were ready to take a leading place in the Greek world. [Illustration: PHILIP II From a gold medallion struck by Alexander] PHILIP'S AIMS Philip of Macedonia, one of the most remarkable men of antiquity, was endowed with a vigorous body, a keen mind, and a resolute will. He was no stranger to Greece and its ways. Part of his boyhood had been passed as a hostage at Thebes in the days of Theban glory. His residence there gave him an insight into Greek politics and taught him the art of war as it had been perfected by Epaminondas. In the distracted condition of Greece, worn out by the rivalries of contending cities, Philip saw the opportunity of his own country. He aimed to secure for Macedonia the position of supremacy which neither Athens, Sparta, nor Thebes had been able to maintain. THE MACEDONIAN ARMY