Except for milling stones that seem to have been used to grind paint in
Chile,[4] the preagricultural querns occur mainly in the area of
California, the Southwest, and upper Mexico. Through California, from
Borax Lake and the Mohave Desert, to the Cochise area of southeastern
Arizona and the Edwards Plateau of central Texas, and on into
northwestern Mexico, these grinding tools turn up with artifacts and in
geological strata that may be from 6,000 to 25,000 years old. If those
dates are correct, then we have milling stones in the New World many
years before there was any agriculture. The explanation must be that
some of the earliest of the Americans were food gatherers and grinders
of nuts and seeds as well as hunters. In addition to their querns, they
have left us hearths on beds of collected stones, rude knives, rough
percussion tools such as scrapers and choppers, but very few spear
points. There is no early culture of this sort now known in Asia or
Africa. It is not Folsom. Is it Australoid? Does it go back to a type of
people who, in some hybrid and degenerate form, settled Australia? At
least we know that the culture of the Australians is a curious mixture
of very primitive traits with some elements of the polished stone work
of the New Stone Age and milling stones. They are nearer being food
gatherers than hunters.
The Puzzle of the Points
With the first hunters in the New World—the men who made the Sandia, the
Folsom, the Plainview, and probably the early Eden points—we come to
another puzzle. The Sandia is shaped like a much superior point made by
the Solutreans of Europe and an equally crude one made in Africa, but
the best Folsom is better than the best Solutrean. The fluted channels
of the Folsom are remarkable enough; in addition, the edges are
sharpened by the removal of almost microscopic flakes, and the base is
often carefully ground. We know that such points were being made at
least 10,000 and perhaps 15,000 years ago. The Eden point is doubtless
newer, yet it must antedate the only chipped weapons that can equal it,
the daggers of neolithic Egyptians 7,500 years ago or of the still later
Danes.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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