Transcriber’s Notes. The spellings of Schœffer and Schoeffer have been left as printed. Footnotes were moved to the ends of the text they pertain to and numbered in one continuous sequence. Differences in hyphenation of specific words and missing punctuation have been rectified where applicable. Other changes made are noted at the end of the book. [Illustration: FROM SCHOEFFER’S CANON OF THE MASS] Early Printed Books By E. Gordon Duff [Illustration] London Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd. MDCCCXCIII TO THE MEMORY OF HENRY BRADSHAW ἀποθανὼν ἔτι λαλεῖ Preface In the following pages I have endeavoured to give a short account of the introduction of printing into the principal countries and towns of Europe, and to bring our information on the subject as far as possible up to date. Small books on large subjects are for the most part both superficial and imperfect, and I am afraid the present book forms no exception to this rule, but my excuse must be that I have attempted rather to draw attention to more out of the way information than to recapitulate what is already to be found in the majority of bibliographical books. Above all, I have tried as far as possible to confine myself to facts and avoid theories, for only by working from facts can we help to keep bibliography in the position, to which Henry Bradshaw raised it, of a scientific study. And, in the words of a learned Warden of my own college, ‘if any shall suggest, that some of the inquiries here insisted upon do seem too minute and trivial for any prudent Man to bestow his serious thoughts and time about, such persons may know, that the discovery of the true nature and cause of any the most minute thing, doth promote real knowledge, and therefore cannot be unfit for any Man’s endeavours who is willing to contribute to the advancement of Learning.’ * * * * * I must express my best thanks to two friends, Mr. F. J. H. Jenkinson, University Librarian, Cambridge; and Mr. J. P. Edmond, Librarian to the Earl of Crawford and Balcarres, for very kindly reading through the proofs of the entire book and making many useful suggestions and corrections. E. G. D. _March 1893._ Contents PAGE CHAPTER I STEPS TOWARDS THE INVENTION, 1 CHAPTER II THE INVENTION OF PRINTING, 21 CHAPTER III SPREAD OF PRINTING IN GERMANY, 39 CHAPTER IV ITALY, 59 CHAPTER V FRANCE, 78 CHAPTER VI THE LOW COUNTRIES, 95 CHAPTER VII SPAIN AND PORTUGAL--DENMARK AND SWEDEN, 113 CHAPTER VIII WESTMINSTER: CAXTON--WYNKYN DE WORDE--JULIAN NOTARY, 125 CHAPTER IX