Printing was introduced at Louvain in 1474, and it is, after Antwerp, the most important town in that respect in the Low Countries. The first printer was John of Westphalia,[28] whom we have just mentioned as a printer at Alost in partnership with Thierry Martens. He seems to have been the owner of the type used at Alost, for he continued to print with it, and in June 1474 issued the _Commentariolus de pleuresi_ by Antonius Guainerius, the first book known to have been issued at Louvain. John of Westphalia continued to print up to the year 1496; and Campbell[29] enumerates over one hundred and eighty books as having been printed by him in these twenty-two years. In some of his books we find a small woodcut portrait of himself, used first in the _Justinian_ of 1475; and a few of his books have the red initial letters printed in by hand. John Veldener, the second printer at Louvain, was matriculated at the university there, in the faculty of medicine, 30th July 1473. His first book was probably the _Consolatio peccatorum_ of Jacobus de Theramo, which contains a prefatory letter, addressed ‘Johanni Veldener artis impressoriæ magistro,’ dated 7th Aug. 1474. Veldener continued to print at Louvain till 1478, and he is found in that year at Utrecht, where he printed till 1481. After this he moved to Kuilenburg, issuing books there in 1483 and 1484. [28] John de Paderborn de Westphalia was in 1473 still a scribe, for in that year he wrote a MS. of the _Scala_ of Johannes Climacus at and for the Augustinian House at Marpach. [29] _Annales de la Typographie Néerlandaise au xv. Siècle._ 1874. 8vo. Besides those that have been mentioned, seven other printers worked at Louvain before the close of the fifteenth century. These were--Conrad Braem (1475), Conrad de Westphalia (1476), Hermann de Nassou (1483), Rodolphe Loeffs (1483), Egidius vander Heerstraten (1484), Ludovicus de Ravescot (1487), and Thierry Martens (1498).