Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Christine D. and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net [Illustration: Pike's Peak, Colorado] EARTH and SKY EVERY CHILD SHOULD KNOW EASY STUDIES OF THE EARTH AND THE STARS FOR ANY TIME AND PLACE BY JULIA ELLEN ROGERS AUTHOR OF "THE TREE BOOK," "THE SHELL BOOK," "KEY TO THE NATURE LIBRARY," "TREES EVERY CHILD SHOULD KNOW." ILLUSTRATED BY THIRTY-ONE PAGES OF PHOTOGRAPHS AND DRAWINGS [Illustration] NEW YORK GROSSET & DUNLAP PUBLISHERS COPYRIGHT, 1910, BY DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY PUBLISHED, OCTOBER, 1910 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, INCLUDING THAT OF TRANSLATION INTO FOREIGN LANGUAGES, INCLUDING THE SCANDINAVIAN ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A number of the photographs in this volume are used by permission of the American Museum of Natural History. The star maps and drawings of the constellations are by Mrs. Jerome B. Thomas. The poem by Longfellow, quoted in part, is with the permission of the publishers, Houghton, Mifflin & Co. * * * * * CONTENTS _PART I. THE EARTH_ PAGE THE GREAT STONE BOOK 3 THE FOSSIL FISH 6 THE CRUST OF THE EARTH 9 WHAT IS THE EARTH MADE OF? 14 THE FIRST DRY LAND 22 A STUDY OF GRANITE 27 METAMORPHIC ROCKS 31 THE AIR IN MOTION 35 THE WORK OF THE WIND 44 RAIN IN SUMMER, _by Henry W. Longfellow_ 50 WHAT BECOMES OF THE RAIN? 51 THE SOIL IN FIELDS AND GARDENS 58 THE WORK OF EARTHWORMS 63 QUIET FORCES THAT DESTROY ROCKS 68 HOW ROCKS ARE MADE 72 GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH A RIVER 78 THE WAYS OF RIVERS 84 THE STORY OF A POND 90 THE RIDDLE OF THE LOST ROCKS 93 THE QUESTION ANSWERED 96 GLACIERS AMONG THE ALPS 98 THE GREAT ICE SHEET 104 FOLLOWING SOME LOST RIVERS 110 THE MAMMOTH CAVE OF KENTUCKY 114 LAND BUILDING BY RIVERS 121 THE MAKING OF MOUNTAINS 126 THE LAVA FLOOD OF THE NORTHWEST 130 THE FIRST LIVING THINGS 134