Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the more than 500 original illustrations. See 50671-h.htm or 50671-h.zip: (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/50671/50671-h/50671-h.htm) or (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/50671/50671-h.zip) Images of the original pages are available through Internet Archive. See https://archive.org/details/cu31924004975763 Transcriber’s note: Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). Text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face (=bold=). A carat character is used to denote superscription. A single character following the carat is superscripted (example: b^1). Multiple superscripted characters are enclosed by curly brackets (example: ^{1-2}). Subscript numbers in chemical formulas have been rendered as _n or _{n}. EARTH FEATURES AND THEIR MEANING * * * * * * [Illustration: LOGO] The Macmillan Company New York · Boston · Chicago Dallas · San Francisco Macmillan & Co., Limited London · Bombay · Calcutta Melbourne The Macmillan Co. Of Canada, Ltd. Toronto * * * * * * +-------------------------------------------------------------+ ¦ PLATE 1. ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ [Illustration: Mount Balfour and the Balfour Glacier in the ¦ ¦ Selkirks.] ¦ +-------------------------------------------------------------+ EARTH FEATURES AND THEIR MEANING An Introduction to Geology for the Student and the General Reader by WILLIAM HERBERT HOBBS Professor of Geology in the University of Michigan Author of “Earthquakes. an Introduction to Seismic Geology”; “Characteristics of Existing Glaciers”; etc. New York The Macmillan Company 1921 All rights reserved Copyright, 1912, By The Macmillan Company. Norwood Press J. S. Cushing Co.—Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. TO THE MEMORY OF GEORGE HUNTINGTON WILLIAMS PREFACE THE series of readings contained in the present volume give in somewhat expanded form the substance of a course of illustrated lectures which has now for several years been delivered each semester at the University of Michigan. The keynote of the course may be found in the dominant characteristics of the different earth features and the geological processes which have been betrayed in the shaping of them. Such a geological examination of landscape is replete with fascinating revelations, and it lends to the study of Nature a deep meaning which cannot but enhance the enjoyment of her varied aspects.