138. A pine snapped off by the lava and carried forward upon its surface 133 139. Lava front pushing over and running around a wall in its path 134 140. One of the ruined villas in Boscotrecase 134 141. Three diagrams to illustrate the sequence of events during the cone-building and crater-producing periods 135 142. The spine of Pelé rising above the chimney of the volcano after the eruption of 1902 136 143. Successive outlines of the Pelé spine 137 144. Corrugated surface of the Vesuvian cone due to the mud flows which followed the eruption of 1906 138 145. View of the Kammerbühl near Eger in Bohemia 139 146. Volcanic plug exposed by natural dissection of a volcanic cone in Colorado 140 147. A dike cutting beds of tuff in a partly dissected volcano of southwestern Colorado 140 148. Map and general view of St. Paul’s rocks, a volcanic cone dissected by waves 141 149. Dissection by explosion of Little Bandai-san in 1888 141 150. The half-submerged volcano of Krakatoa before and after the eruption of 1883 142 151. The cicatrice of the Banat 142 152. Diagram to illustrate a probable cause of formation of lava reservoirs and the connection with volcanoes upon the surface 143 153. Effect of relief of load upon rocks by arching of a competent formation 144 154. Character profiles connected with volcanoes 146 155. Diagrams to show the effect of decomposition in producing spheroidal bowlders 150 156. Spheroidal weathering of an igneous rock 151 157. Dome structure in granite mass 152 158. Talus slope beneath a cliff 153 159. Striped ground from soil flow 154 160. Pavement of horizontal surface due to soil flow 154 161. Tree roots prying rock apart on fissure 154 162. Bowlder split by a growing tree 155 163. Rock mantle beneath soil and vegetable mat 155 164. Diagram to show the varying thickness of mantle rock upon the different portions of a hill surface 156 165. Gullies from earliest stage of a river’s life 160 166. Partially dissected upland 160