Circumstances arise which necessitate a departure from any generally approved method, for frequently an embankment must be widened to provide for increased traffic, and tipping upon a consolidated surface must be effected. Chapter VIII. and this refer to such a condition of work. It sometimes occurs when a slip has taken place that only a narrow tip can be adopted, as the soil may not temporarily be able to bear the weight of a larger mass unless equally diffused; then there is no other reasonable course to pursue than to complete an embankment to the required width and slopes by dry side-filling, such as ashes, broken bricks, or other absorbent firm material regularly and carefully deposited. In order to prevent slips and subsidence and increase friction, when an embankment must be widened by tipping upon its side, the existing slope should be stripped of all turf or covering, but only so as to leave no uncovered surface exposed to the weather; and the bared earth should be made to present an even surface. When the slope is benched, care should be taken that the benchings do not localise water, and that it cannot percolate down the face of the old bank at its point of junction with the new; also in tipping an embankment upon sidelong ground or upon the slope of an old bank, the seat should be bared, particularly on the lower side, as the earth meets with no resistance from the ground except from friction; but upon the upper side, the material being tipped partly against the hill has a less distance to travel, and, therefore, the upper or lesser slope is not so loose as the lower or longer slope, which latter is the more likely to admit water, and requires a flatter inclination than the denser portion of the embankment. In the absence of other protective works, it is advisable to form on the lower side an earth wall or counterfort covered with turf at the toe of the slope in advance of the tip, and to make it of the hardest and largest material deposited and with a foundation upon bared soil, as it is the part most liable to injury. This is a simple precaution against slips, and will save its cost in lessening the expense of repairing and trimming the slopes.