Reclamation embankments. _Vide_ ESTUARY EMBANKMENTS. ——, special causes of slips in, 8 Removal of slipped earth, general considerations and treatment, 60–64 Repairing slope, 121 Reservoir embankments, 187, etc. _Vide_ CANALS. Retaining walls, desirability, 117, 118, 146 ——, draining back of, 117 ——, failure of, when probable, 118 ——, form, 118, 119 ——, protection to slope, 115–119 River banks. _Vide_ CANALS, 187, and ——, ——, ESTUARY EMBANKMENTS. ——, protected _v._ unprotected slopes, 48, 49 ——, slopes of, 48 ——, tree protection of, 126, 127 River diversions, 196, 197 Road metalling, slope, 101 Rock, ascertaining character of, 18–21 ——, character, etc., 18–22 ——, classification for earthwork purposes, 23 ——, crystalline, 21 ——, examination of, 19 ——, general consideration, 18–26 ——, inclined beds, 20, 21, 26 ——, mica schist, 24 ——, nature of some, 21, 22 ——, safe load upon, 90, 91 ——, sandstone, 90 ——, schistose, 24 ——, slopes, friable, 24 ——, ——, loose, 24 ——, ——, sedimentary, 23 ——, stratified, 18–20 ——, treacherous condition of, 8, 9 ——, unevenness of surface, 18, 19 ——, unstratified, 18 ——, variation of character, 18, 19 ——, water levels in, 24 Rubble mound, safe load upon, 91 ——, slope, 101 S. Salifiable earth, 59 Sandstone, 19, 22, 25 Sandstone, slope, 23, 24 ——, in tropical climates, 25 Sand, absorption of water, 34 Sand, angularity _v._ roundness of particles, 36 ——, capability of subsidence, 35 ——, compact, safe load upon, 89 ——, delicate state of some, 34 ——, drainage of, 34 ——, drawing away of, 33 ——, excavating in short lengths, 33, 143, 203, 204 ——, firm, safe load upon, 89 ——, interstices in, 35 ——, light sand, protection of, 123–125 ——, loose sand, safe load upon, 89 ——, mutability of condition, 34 ——, sand “boils” in foundations, _Vide_ “BOILS.” ——, silty, safe load upon, 89 ——, slopes of repose, 36, 37, 100, 106, 107 ——, soft sand rock, 90 ——, springs in, 33 ——, superficial beds of, 89 ——, when likely to slip, 34 Sandy clay, 39, 40 Schistose rock, 24 Seat of embankment, drainage, 160 Setting out, with reference to earthwork, 9–12 Settlement, lateral, of an embankment, 135 ——, provision against in slopes, 125, 126 Shales, characteristics of, 20, 21, 44 ——, iron pyrites in, 44 ——, safe load upon, 89 ——, slopes, 21, 100 Shore embankments. _Vide_ ESTUARY EMBANKMENTS. Sidelong ground, cuttings and embankments upon, 142–146 ——, depositing embankments upon, 145, 146 ——, excavating in short lengths, 33, 143, 203, 204, 225 ——, object of precautionary works, 142–145 ——, precautions, 142–146 ——, when inclined rock, 146 ——, when especially treacherous, 144–146 ——, varying the slope, 146 Silt, safe load upon, 88 ——, slope, 100 ——, treacherous, 18 Slake, safe load upon, 88 Slate rock, 21