Slipped earth, treatment and removal of, 60–64 Slips in canals, special causes, 8, 187 —— time of occurrence, 190, etc. —— docks of occurrence, 187 —— drainage works, 187 —— irrigation works, 187 —— reclamation works, 187 —— waterworks, 187 Slips in cuttings, causes of, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 ——, embankments, causes of, 5–8 Slips, immediate action necessary, 61 Slopes, bare, when can be left, 125 ——, cess upon, 111, 113, 114 ——, counterfort at foot of, 119–122 ——, curved, 109–111 ——, disturbance of, 111, 112 ——, fascine covering, 128, 129 ——, fissures in, treatment of, 127–128 ——, flat, should not be too, 98 ——, form of, 107–108, 110, 111 ——, general considerations, 98–99, 105–110 ——, nature of covering, 122–131 ——, object of protection, 119, 122 ——, permanent, of earth, 98–101, 106–109, 146 ——, precautions concerning tree protection, 126, 127 ——, protection and preservation, general considerations and different systems, 115–131 ——, protection against burrowing animals and crustacea, 127 ——, protection of light sand, 123–125 ——, protective coverings, 122–129 ——, provision against settlement, 125, 126 ——, range of slopes in different earths, 100, 101 ——, repairing, 61–64, 121, 122 ——, sand veins in, 120 ——, steepest, 112, 113 Slopes, stone pitching upon, 129–131 ——, terraced, 111 ——, time to trim, 125 ——, trees and shrubs upon, protection by, 126, 127 ——, trench drains in, 77, 78, 111, 112, 121 ——, trimmed as excavated, 111 ——, turfing, grass and plant protection, 122–127 ——, varying the form of, 109, 110, 111 ——, walls, 117–119 Snow-drifts, prevention of, protection against, 131–134 Soft soil, consolidation of, 153, 154 ——, depositing embankments upon, 154, 155 ——, drainage, 73, 149–151 ——, embankments upon, 147–149 ——, equable drainage necessary, 150 ——, influence of ballast on formation, 151 ——, sustaining power of, 151, 152 ——, testing, 148, 149, 152 Springs in chalk, treatment of, 29 Subsidence, capability of sand, 35 —— in soft ground, 151 Subsidences in embankments, causes of, 5–8 T. Time of occurrence, slips, 13–17 ——, usual, 15–17 ——, submerged and unsubmerged work, 17, 189 Trap rock, slopes, 23 Treacherous earths, 13, 204, 217 Tree protection, general, 16, 126 ——, precautions concerning, 126, 127 ——, slopes, 126, 127 Trickling of surface soil, 58 Trimming slopes, 111, 125 Tunnels, entrances of, in chalk, 32 Turfing slopes, 122–126 U. Universality of slips, 1, 2 Unstable soils, 13, 204, 217 Upheaval of ground, 147, 148 V. Variableness of, impairing elements, 1 Variety of causes of slips and subsidences, 1 Viaduct, _versus_ embankment, 171–173, 179, 180 Vibration, in cuttings and embankments, 136, 137 ——, deteriorating influence of, 136–141 ——, effect on earths, 136, 137