The _casula_ was a poor and inferior variety of the _paenula_, which, when the latter was promoted to be the costume of senators and emperors, succeeded it as the garb of the poorer classes. The original meaning of the name is 'little house'—a diminutive of _casa_—and there is little evidence to guide us as to the exact appearance of the garment which it denoted. The name would lead us to infer that, like the _paenula_, it enveloped the entire body; but it is probable that it was made of coarser and cheaper material. The fact that it was early adopted as the distinctive dress of monks would lead us to this conclusion; beyond this there is no reason for supposing that it differed in outline from the _paenula_. The _planeta_ first appears in the fifth century A.D. Cassianus (De Habitu Monachorum, i 7) mentions it as a dress whose price prevents its use as a monastic habit; and St Isidore, two centuries later, expressly forbids members of religious orders to wear it. The _planeta_ must therefore have been more costly than the _casula_, and, as we find it mentioned in the sixth century as the dress of nobles and of senators, it was probably the most expensive of the three. The general shape of the garment, as shown in Roman paintings or effigies, is that of a cloak enveloping the body, sewn in front, and put on by being passed over the head, for which a suitable aperture was provided. And this shape is identical with the outer vestment which we see in early representations of clerics. The modification which was early adopted, that of making the vestment oval in form, so as to lessen the width over the shoulders and so to give more freedom to the arms, was obviously regulated by convenience. Thus we have seen that the three principal vestments, as we find them detailed in the earliest lists and depicted in the earliest monuments, are identical in shape, disposition, and name with the Roman civil costume of the second or third century of the Christian era. Three additional vestments are found enumerated in the letters of St Gregory the Great and elsewhere which were not worn universally throughout the church, but were either carefully confined to the clergy of the city of Rome itself or were in the gift, so to speak, of the Pope. These are the _pallium_, the _mappula_, and the _dalmatica_. I. _The Pallium._—In classical Latin this word is used either as the equivalent of _toga_ or in the general sense of the English 'robe.' It is also used in the earlier ecclesiastical writers of the _casula_, or coarse outer garment of monks, as in the passage from Celestine quoted on p. 26. Yet another use of the word _pallium_ is found in the expression _pallium linostimum_, which denoted a cloth, the use of which was ordained to deacons by Pope Sylvester, as we shall presently see when discussing the maniple. [Illustration: FIG. 3.—ECCLESIASTICS FROM THE MOSAICS IN S VITALE, RAVENNA (SIXTH CENTURY).]