[Illustration: FIG. 4.—EFFIGY OF A ROMAN CITIZEN IN CAERLEON MUSEUM.] It is not inconceivable that the origin of the honourable _pallium_ is to be sought in the honourable _orarium_, distributed as 'favours' to the Roman people; in which case we must seek elsewhere for a prototype to the ecclesiastical _orarium_. We should then fall back on the old idea, which has by no means been disproved, that in the _clavi_ of the _tunica alba_ is to be found the true original. We reproduce here a figure of an effigy of a Roman citizen at Caerleon, near Newport, which certainly seems to warrant this view; here is to be seen a _tunica_, a _clavus_, and a _paenula_, all very suggestive of the alb, stole, and chasuble of later times. Duchesne, in his 'Origines du culte chrétien,'[36] regards all the _orarium_-like vestments which appear in contemporary documents as in reality _pallia_; the _orarium_ proper he does not consider to have been introduced till the tenth century. The _orarium_ which appears before this date he regards as simply a napkin, or _sudarium_, designed to protect the _alba_. He further states that in the fourth century the civil law required all officials to wear some distinctive badge of office; that the Eastern Church complied with this law throughout, assigning the =ômophorion, epitrachêlion= and =ôrarion= respectively to bishop, priest, and deacon, while the Western Church only complied with it to the extent of assigning a _pallium_ to the bishops. We confess that this elaborate argument does not appeal to us any more than the theory which regards the stole as the orphrey of a degenerated vestment; but while professing our own belief in Marriott's view, stated above (pp. 38-9), we have given these several theories, leaving it to the reader to make his own choice. From the earliest references to the _pallium_ which we can find, it is clear that it was from the first regarded as a distinctive vestment to be worn by archbishops only.[37] The archbishops of this early period had not the right, any more than their mediaeval successors, of assuming the _pallium_ on their consecration; it was necessary to apply to the Pope for a grant of the vestment, which was only bestowed on the permission of the reigning sovereign being obtained. The earliest document unquestionably relating to the bestowal of the _pallium_ is a letter of Pope Symmachus, bestowing the pallium on Theodore, Archbishop of Laureacus, in Pannonia, 514 A.D.[38] Instances of the royal assent being considered necessary are found in the letters of Pope Vigilius, who delayed the grant of the _pallium_ to Archbishop Auxanius of Arles for two years, _pending the consent_ of Childebert I, King of the Franks;[39] and in the letters of Pope Gregory the Great, who _at the request_ of Childebert II bestowed the _pallium_ on Virgilius, a later Archbishop of the same province.[40]