Produced by David Widger ECONOMIC SOPHISMS By Frédéric Bastiat Translated From the Fifth Edition of the French, by Patrick James Stirling, LLD., F.R.S.E. Author Of "The Philosophy Of Trade," Etc. Edinburgh: Oliver And Boyd, Tweeddale Court. 1873 TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. Bastiat's two great works on Political Economy--the Sophismes Économiques, and the Harmonies Économiques--may be regarded as counterparts of each other. He himself so regarded them: "the one," he says, "pulls down, the other builds up." His object in the Sophismes was to refute the fallacies of the Protectionist school, then predominant in France, and so to clear the way for the establishment of what he maintained to be the true system of economic science, which he desired to found on a new and peculiar theory of value, afterwards fully developed by him in the _Harmonies_. Whatever difference of opinion may exist among economists as to the soundness of this theory, all must admire the irresistible logic of the _Sophismes_, and "the sallies of wit and humour," which, as Mr Cobden has said, make that work as "amusing as a novel." The system of Bastiat having thus a _destructive_ as well as a _constructive_ object, a _negative_ as well as a _positive_ design, it is perhaps only doing justice to his great reputation as an economist to put the English reader in a position to judge of that system as a whole. Hence the present translation of the _Sophismes_ is intended as a companion volume to the translation of the _Harmonies._ It is unnecessary for me to say more here by way of preface, the gifted author having himself explained the design of the work in a short but lucid introduction. P.J.S. ECONOMIC SOPHISMS. FIRST SERIES. INTRODUCTION. My design in this little volume is to refute some of the arguments which are urged against the Freedom of Trade. I do not propose to engage in a contest with the protectionists; but rather to instil a principle into the minds of those who hesitate because they sincerely doubt. I am not one of those who say that Protection is founded on men's interests. I am of opinion rather that it is founded on errors, or, if you will, upon _incomplete truths_. Too many people fear liberty, to permit us to conclude that their apprehensions are not sincerely felt. It is perhaps aiming too high, but my wish is, I confess, that this little work should become, as it were, the _Manual_ of those whose business it is to pronounce between the two principles. Where men have not been long accustomed and familiarized to the doctrine of liberty, the sophisms of protection, in one shape or another, are constantly coming back upon them. In order to disabuse them of such errors when they recur, a long process of analysis becomes necessary; and every one has not the time required for such a process--legislators less than others. This is my reason for endeavouring to present the analysis and its results cut and dry.