Einstein's Theories of Relativity and Gravitation: A selection of material from the essays submitted in the competition for the Eugene Higgins prize of $5,000Bird, J. Malcolm (James Malcolm)
Philosophy
Einstein's Theories of Relativity and Gravitation: A selection of material from the essays submitted in the competition for the Eugene Higgins prize of $5,000
Bird, J. Malcolm (James Malcolm)
Relativity (Physics)
The set of coordinate axes in space, together with the zero point from
which we measure time, constitute what we call a frame of reference. If
we are not going to pay any attention to time, we can think of the
space coordinate system alone as constituting our reference frame. This
expression appears freely throughout the subsequent text, and always
with one or the other of these interpretations.
We see, then, how we can keep track of a moving point by keeping track
of the successive positions which it occupies in our reference frame.]*
[Now we have implied that these coordinate axes are fixed in space;
but there is nothing to prevent us from supposing that they move.]272
[If they do, they carry with them all their points; and any motion
of these points which we may speak about will be merely motion with
reference to the coordinate system. If we find something outside
our coordinate system that is not moving, the motion of points in
our system with regard to those outside it will be a combination of
their motion with regard to our coordinate axes and that of these axes
with regard to the external points. This will be a great nuisance;
and it represents a state of affairs which we shall try to avoid. We
shall avoid it, if at all, by selecting a coordinate system with
reference to which we, ourselves, are not moving; one which partakes
of any motion which we may have. Or perhaps we shall sometimes wish to
reverse the process, in studying the behavior of some group of bodies,
and seek a set of axes which is at rest with respect to these bodies;
one which partakes of any motion they may have.
THE CHOICE OF A COORDINATE FRAME
All this emphasizes the fact that our coordinate axes are not
picked out for us in advance by nature, and set down in some one
particular spot. We select them for ourselves, and we select them in
the most convenient way. But different observers, or perhaps the same
observer studying different problems, will find it advantageous to
utilize different coordinate systems.]* [The astronomer has found it
possible, and highly convenient, to select a coordinate frame such
that the great majority of the stars have, on the whole, no motion
with respect to it.]283 [Such a system would be most unsuited for
investigations confined to the earth; for these we naturally select
a framework attached to the earth, with its origin O at the earth's
center if our investigation covers the entire globe and at some more
convenient point if it does not, and in either event accompanying the
earth in its rotation and revolution. But such a framework, as well
as the one attached to the fixed stars, would be highly inconvenient
for an investigator of the motions of the planets; he would doubtless
attach his reference frame to the sun.]101
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