Remaining there only a short time, he rode back to Virginia just in time to get into the Civil War. He was killed in a skirmish at Kennon’s Landing, Virginia, in 1863. [Illustration: _E. Pen Long inscription_] 6. Here you observe a number of very faint Spanish inscriptions which have never been completely studied. Note the word “año” (year) 1646. To the right is a lamp-blackened inscription reading “paso por aqui Miguel Alfaro.” (Passed by here, Miguel Alfaro). A date is not given, nor is the man yet known to us. Scholars, dating the inscriptions by letter style, say it was done about 1700. The round black discs along the bottom of the rock are section markers. Each one is lettered and they divide the face of the cliff into sections so the inscriptions can be easily located and recorded. 7. In Spanish, this inscription says: “A veinticinco del mes de junio, año de 1709 paso por aqui para Zuñi—Ramon Garcia Jurado.” Translated, it reads: “On the 25th of the month of June, of this year of 1709, passed by here on the way to Zuñi—Ramon Garcia Jurado.” [Illustration: _Ramon Garcia Jurado inscription, 1709_] You can find Señor Jurado’s name in old Spanish documents. In 1728 he was the “alcalde mayor” of the Keres district, not far south of Santa Fe. To your right is a blackened inscription which reads, translated, “By here passed Pedro Romero on the 22nd of August, year of 1751.” Little is known about this Spanish gentleman. 8. “By here passed Andres Romero, of the year 1774.” This Spaniard is unknown. The date is important because it is apparently the last Spanish inscription before the coming of the Americans in 1849. 9. Notice the petroglyphs here, in particular the four mountain sheep and what appears to be a bear paw. These are, of course, far older than the Spanish inscriptions above them. The Spanish inscription reads: “Pasamos por aquí el Sargento Mayor y el Capitan Jude de Archuleta y el Ayudante Diego Martin Barba y el Alferez Agustin de Ynojos año de 1636.” Translated, it reads: “We passed by here, the Sergeant Major and Captain Juan de Archuleta and Adjutant Diego Martin Barba and Ensign Agustin de Ynojos, the year of 1636.” The “Sergeant Major” was not an enlisted man, as now—he was the officer in direct command of the troops. The ensign was the standard bearer, corresponding in grade to a second lieutenant. Barba and Archuleta were accused of aiding a rebellion during one of the numerous civil disturbances that plagued the Spanish in New Mexico. In 1643 they were beheaded. 10. Here is the oldest and most famous inscription at El Morro. It was done by the first governor of New Mexico, Don Juan de Oñate, in 1605, 15 years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock. In 1604, Oñate rode south with 30 men to the Gulf of California. On his return the next year, he made his inscription, which reads: