The larger plants are female, that is they bear archegonia, while the male plants, those which bear antheridia, are smaller and the antheridia are borne on small lateral branches. The antheridia are borne in the axils of the leaves. Others of the leafy-stemmed liverworts live in damp situations. Some of these, as Cephalozia, grow on damp rotten logs. Cephalozia is much more delicate, and the leaves are farther apart. It could not live in such dry situations where the frullania is sometimes found. If possible the two plants should be compared in order to see the adaptation in the structure and form to their environment. [Illustration: Fig. 270. Thallus of a thalloid liverwort (blasia) showing lobed margin of the frond, intermediate between thalloid and foliose plant.] =499. Sporogonium of a foliose liverwort.=—The sporogonium of the leafy-stemmed liverworts is well represented by that of several genera. We may take for this study the one illustrated in fig. 274, but another will serve the purpose just as well. We note here that it consists of a rounded capsule borne aloft on a long stalk, the stalk being much longer proportionately than in marchantia. At maturity the capsule splits down into four quadrants, the wall forming four valves, which spread apart from the unequal drying of the cells, so that the spores are set free, as shown in fig. 276. Some of the cells inside of the capsule develop elaters here also as well as spores. These are illustrated in fig. 278. [Illustration: Fig. 271. Foliose liverwort, male plant showing antheridia in axils of the leaves (a jungermannia).] [Illustration: Fig. 272. Antheridium of a foliose liverwort (jungermannia).] [Illustration: Fig. 273. Foliose liverwort, female plant with rhizoids.] =500.= In this plant we see that the sporophyte remains attached to the gametophyte, and thus is dependent on it for sustenance. This is true of all the plants of this group. The sporophyte never becomes capable of an independent existence, and yet we see that it is becoming larger and more highly differentiated than in the simple riccia. [Illustration: Fig. 274. Fruiting plant of a foliose liverwort (jungermannia). Leafy part is the gametophyte; stalk and capsule is the sporophyte (sporogonium in the bryophytes). [Illustration: Fig. 275. Opening capsule showing escape of spores and elaters. [Illustration: Fig. 276. Capsule parted down to the stalk. [Illustration: Fig. 277. Four spores from mother cell held in a group. [Illustration: Fig. 278. Elaters, at left showing the two spiral marks, at right a branched elater. Figs. 275-278.—Sporogonium of liverwort (jungermannia) opening by splitting into four parts, showing details of elaters and spores.] The Horned Liverworts.[25]