CHAPTER XLII. THE FLORAL SHOOT. 419 I. The Parts of the Flower. 419 II. Kinds of Flowers. 421 III. Arrangement of Flowers, or Mode of Inflorescence. 426 CHAPTER XLIII. POLLINATION. 433 CHAPTER XLIV. THE FRUIT. 450 I. Parts of the Fruit. 450 II. Indehiscent Fruits. 451 III. Dehiscent Fruits. 452 IV. Fleshy and Juicy Fruits. 454 V. Reinforced, or Accessory, Fruits. 455 VI. Fruits of Gymnosperms. 456 VII. “Fruit” of Ferns, Mosses, etc. 457 CHAPTER XLV. SEED DISPERSAL. 458 CHAPTER XLVI. VEGETATION IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENT. 464 CHAPTER XLVII. CLASSIFICATION OF ANGIOSPERMS. 487 INDEX. 503 PART I. PHYSIOLOGY. CHAPTER I. PROTOPLASM.[1] =1.= In the study of plant life and growth, it will be found convenient first to inquire into the nature of the substance which we call the living material of plants. For plant growth, as well as some of the other processes of plant life, are at bottom dependent on this living matter. This living matter is called in general _protoplasm_. =2.= In most cases protoplasm cannot be seen without the help of a microscope, and it will be necessary for us here to employ one if we wish to see protoplasm, and to satisfy ourselves by examination that the substance we are dealing with _is_ protoplasm. =3.= We shall find it convenient first to examine protoplasm in some of the simpler plants; plants which from their minute size and simple structure are so transparent that when examined with the microscope the interior can be seen. For our first study let us take a plant known as _spirogyra_, though there are a number of others which would serve the purpose quite as well, and may quite as easily be obtained for study. Protoplasm in spirogyra.