13. COSMOGONIC AND THEOGONIC MYTHS The gods as demoniacal beings--Their struggle with the demons of earliest times--Myths of creation--Sagas of flood and of universal conflagration--Myths of world-destruction. 14. THE BELIEF IN SOULS AND IN A WORLD BEYOND Sequence of ideas of the beyond--The spirit-village--The islands of the blessed--Myths of the underworld--Distinction between dwelling-places of souls--Elysium--The underworld and the celestial regions--Purgatory--Cults of the beyond--The conception of salvation--Transmigration of souls. 15. THE ORIGIN OF DEITY CULTS Relation of myth and cult--Religious significance of cult--Vegetation cults--Union of cult purposes--Mystery cults. 16. THE FORMS OF CULT PRACTICES Prayer--Conjuration and the prayer of petition--Prayer of thanksgiving--Praise--The penitential psalm--Sacrifice--Purpose of sacrifice originally magical--Jewish peace-offering and sin-offering--Development of conception of gift--Connection between value and sacrifice--Votive and consecration gifts--Sacrifice of the first fruits--Sanctification ceremonies--Means of lustration as means of sanctification--Water and fire--Baptism and circumcision--Magical sanctification--Human sacrifice as a means of sanctification. 17. THE ART OF THE HEROIC AGE Temple and palace--The human figure as the subject of formative art--Art as generic and as individualizing--The appreciation of the significant--Expression of subjective mood in landscape painting--The epic--Its influence upon the cult-song--The drama--Music as an accessory and as an independent art. CHAPTER IV--THE DEVELOPMENT TO HUMANITY 1. THE CONCEPT 'HUMANITY' Herder's idea of humanity as the goal of history--The concepts 'mankind' and 'human nature'--Humanity as a value-concept--The idea of a cultural community of mankind and its developmental forms. 2. WORLD EMPIRES The empires of Egypt and of Western Asia--The monarch as ruler of the world--The ruler as deity--Apotheosis of deceased rulers--Underlying cause of formation of empires--Disappearance of world empires from history. 3. WORLD CULTURE The world dominion of Alexander--Greek as the universal language--Writing and speech as factors of culture--Travel as symptomatic of culture--Hellenistic world culture and its results--The culture of the Renaissance--Cosmopolitanism and individualism. 4. WORLD RELIGIONS Unity of the world of gods--Cult of Æsculapius and cults of the beyond--Their transition into redemption cults--Buddhism and Christianity--Development of the idea of a superpersonal deity--The incarnate god as the representative of this deity--Three aspects of the concept 'representative.'