6. THE THINKING OF PRIMITIVE MAN The Soudan languages as examples of relatively primitive modes of thinking--The so-called 'roots' as words--The concrete character of primitive thought--Lack of grammatical categories--Primitive man's thinking perceptual. 7. EARLIEST BELIEFS IN MAGIC AND DEMONS Indefiniteness of the concept 'religion'--Polytheistic and monotheistic theories of the origin of religion--Conditions among the Pygmies--Belief in magic and demons as the content of primitive thought--Death and sickness--The corporeal soul--Dress and objects of personal adornment as instruments of magic--The causality of magic. 8. THE BEGINNINGS OF ART The art of dancing among primitive peoples--Its importance as a means of magic--Its accompaniment by noise-instruments---The dance-song--The beginnings of musical instruments--The bull-roarer and the rattle--Primitive ornamentation--Relation between the imitation of objects and simple geometrical drawings (conventionalization)--The painting of the Bushmen--Its nature as a memorial art. 9. THE INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMITIVE MAN Freedom from wants--Significance of isolation--Capacity for observation and reflection--No inferiority as to original endowment demonstrable--Negative nature of the morality of primitive man--Dependence upon the environment. CHAPTER II--THE TOTEMIC AGE 1. THE GENERAL CHARACTER OF TOTEMISM The word 'totem'--Its significance for cult--Tribal organization and the institution of chieftainship--Tribal wars--Tribal ownership of land--The rise of hoe-culture and of the raising of domestic animals. 2. THE STAGES OF TOTEMIC CULTURE Australian culture--Its low level of economic life--Its complicated tribal organization--Perfected weapons--Malayo-Polynesian culture--The origin and migrations of the Malays--Celestial elements in Malayo-Polynesian mythology--The culture of the American Indians and its distinctive features--Perfection of totemic tribal organization--Decline of totem cults--African cultures--Increased importance of cattle raising--Development of despotic forms of rulership--Survivals of totemism in the Asiatic world. 3. TOTEMIC TRIBAL ORGANIZATION Similarity in the tribal organizations of the Australians and the American Indians--Totem groups as cult associations--Retrogression in America--The totem animal as a coat of arms--The principle of dual division--Systems consisting of two, four, and eight groups. 4. THE ORIGIN OF EXOGAMY Unlimited and limited exogamy--Direct and indirect maternal or paternal descent--Effects upon marriage between relatives--Hypotheses concerning the origin of exogamy--Hygienic theory--Marriage by capture.