Elements of metaphysicsTaylor, A. E. (Alfred Edward)
Philosophy
Elements of metaphysics
Taylor, A. E. (Alfred Edward)
Metaphysics
§ 6. We may say, then, that Reality is a systematic Experience of which
the components are likewise experiences. It would be much the same thing
if we called it a subject which is the unity of subordinate subjects. It
is tempting again, at first sight, to say it is a self of selves. But
the extreme ambiguity of the term “self” as used in contemporary
Psychology makes it desirable to avoid an expression which is capable of
the gravest misuse.[61] It is scarcely possible to say with any
precision what we mean by one “self,” whereas it is possible in a
general way to say what we mean by one experience. An experience may be
called one and the same in so far as it is the systematised expression
of a single coherent purpose or interest, in so far, in fact, as it has
a teleological unity. In practice it may be impossible to say precisely
when this condition is fulfilled, but the slightest acquaintance with
the psychological facts of the struggle between competing systems of
ideas in normal, and of “dual” and “multiple” personality in abnormal,
mental life is sufficient to show that the limits thus set by our
definition to the single experience do not coincide with those ascribed
to my “self” or “personality” in any of the shifting senses of the
terms. The limits within which experience remains _one_ experience
according to our definition are, as the facts just alluded to show,
often narrower, but again, the definition suggests that they may also be
wider, than any which would currently be given to the “self.”
Moreover, what we have already said as to the possibility of each
“member” of our system being itself a system of lesser systems, forbids
us to identify our view with any doctrine which asserts merely atomic
and simple “selves” as the elements of Reality.
Another way of expressing the same thought would be to say that Reality
is an Individual of which the elements are lesser individuals. The
advantage of this form of expression is that it emphasises the
fundamentally teleological character of the unity of the real, and also
of each and all of its constituents. A thing, as we have already seen,
is individual just so far as it is unique, and only that which is the
embodiment of a single purpose or interest can be unique. A single whole
of experience, owing its unity as a whole precisely to the completeness
and harmony with which it expresses a single purpose or interest, is
necessarily an individual. The all-embracing experience which
constitutes Reality is thus in its inmost nature a complete individual.
And the lesser experiences which form the elements or material content
of Reality are each, just so far as each is truly one experience,
individual in the same sense as the whole. We may thus call Reality a
complete or perfect individual of minor or incomplete individuals.
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