Elements of metaphysicsTaylor, A. E. (Alfred Edward)
Philosophy
Elements of metaphysics
Taylor, A. E. (Alfred Edward)
Metaphysics
(2) On the other hand, the _usefulness_ of the causal postulate depends
entirely upon our ability to establish single threads of Causality
within the stream of events, _i.e._ on our ability to assign particular
assemblages of events, less than the “totality,” to particular
subsequent events as their necessary and sufficient condition. Unless we
can do this we can formulate no rules for the practical employment of
means for the production of a desired result, and, as we have already
seen, it is the necessity of knowing the means to our ends which is the
primary, and indeed the sole, motive for the establishment of the causal
postulate. Now, to effect this assignation of particular causes to
particular effects, we have to make use of a distinction which is more
practically necessary than theoretically defensible. We distinguish
between indispensable conditions and accessory circumstances, which may
or may not be present without affecting the nature of the special result
in question.
Now it is clear that the making of this distinction depends upon the
separation of a certain part of the “total” stream of events from the
rest, and its isolation as “the special result in question.” And this
isolation, as we have seen, must always rest upon arbitrary abstraction.
When once this arbitrary abstraction of some one part or aspect of the
stream of events from its context has been made, we are compelled to
recognise the existence of the context from which we have abstracted by
saying that any effect may enter into or form part of a variety of
different larger effects, according to the nature of the context in
which it occurs. And, from the very principle of the complete
correlation of condition and conditioned, it follows that what we call
the special or partial effect will be preceded by varying conditions,
according as it enters into different larger wholes or contexts. Thus
any form of the causal postulate of which we can make effective use
necessitates the recognition of that very Plurality of Causes which we
have seen to be logically excluded by the conception of cause with which
science works. As we contended above, any form of the principle in which
it is true is useless, and any form in which it is useful is untrue.
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