Produced by Graeme Mackreth and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. ELEMENTS OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE: OR, COURSE OF INSTRUCTION IN STRATEGY, FORTIFICATION, TACTICS OF BATTLES, &c. EMBRACING THE DUTIES OF STAFF, INFANTRY, CAVALRY, ARTILLERY, AND ENGINEERS. ADAPTED TO THE USE OF VOLUNTEERS AND MILITIA. THIRD EDITION. WITH CRITICAL NOTES ON THE MEXICAN AND CRIMEAN WARS. BY H. WAGER HALLECK, A.M., MAJOR GENERAL, U.S.A. NEW YORK: D. APPLETON & COMPANY, 443 & 445 BROADWAY. LONDON: 16 LITTLE BRITAIN 1862. Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1846, BY D. APPLETON & COMPANY, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE 5 I. INTRODUCTION.--Dr. Wayland's Arguments on the Justifiableness of War briefly examined. 7 II. STRATEGY.--General Divisions of the Art.--Rules for planning a Campaign.--Analysis of the Military Operations of Napoleon. 35 III. FORTIFICATIONS.--Their importance in the Defence of States proved by numerous Historical Examples. 61 IV. LOGISTICS.--Subsistence.--Forage.--Marches.--Convoys.-- Castrametation. 88 V. TACTICS.--The Twelve Orders of Battle, with Examples of each.--Different Formations of Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, and Engineers on the Field of Battle, with the Modes of bringing Troops into action. 114 VI. MILITARY POLITY.--The Means of National Defence best suited to the character and condition of a Country, with a brief Account of those adopted by the several European Powers. 135 VII. DEFENCE OF OUR SEA-COAST.--Brief Description of our Maritime Fortifications, with an Examination of the several Contests that have taken place between Ships and Forts, including the Attack on San Juan d'Ulloa, and on St. Jean d'Acre. 155 VIII. OUR NORTHERN FRONTIER DEFENCES.--Brief Description of the Fortifications on the Frontier, and an analysis of our Northern Campaigns. 210 IX. ARMY ORGANIZATION.--Staff and Administrative Corps.--Their History, Duties, Numbers, and Organization. 235 X. ARMY ORGANIZATION.--Infantry and Cavalry.--Their History, Duties, Numbers, and Organization. 256 XI. ARMY ORGANIZATION.--Artillery.--Its History and Organization, with a Brief Notice of the different kinds of Ordnance, the Manufacture of Projectiles, &c. 275 XII. ARMY ORGANIZATION.--Engineers.--Their History, Duties, and Organization,--with a Brief Discussion, showing their importance as a part of a modern Army Organization. 300 XIII. PERMANENT FORTIFICATIONS. Historical Notice of the progress of this Art.--Description of the several parts of a Fortress, and the various Methods of fortifying a Position. 327 XIV. FIELD ENGINEERING.--Field Fortifications.--Military Communications.--Military Bridges.--Sapping, Mining, and the Attack and Defence of a Fortified Place. 342