=Duties of benefactors.=--1, The benefaction consists rather in the sentiment than in the thing given; 2, one should not trouble one's self if the benefaction results in ingratitude; 3, degrees in benefactions: the necessary, the useful, the agreeable; 4, the manner of giving is often better than the gift itself; 5, one should not reproach benefactions; 6, benefaction consists sometimes in refusing; 7, benefaction should be disinterested. =Duties of the person under obligation:=--1, Not to be too greedy; 2, a kindness should be accepted cheerfully; 3, one should remember a kindness. =Kant's rules= regarding benevolence and gratitude. =Precautions required by benevolence:= Cicero's rules. =Self-sacrifice.=--Different forms of self-sacrifice: The life, the property, the morality of others, etc.; clemency; forgiveness of injuries; love of enemies. We have said that charity consists, above all, in doing good to men, whilst justice consists in doing them no wrong. It is true, there is a _positive_ justice, as there is a _negative_ justice; and this positive justice consists also in doing good to men, but it is a good which is _due_ them, which belongs to them by right, and which is itself an acknowledgment of that due and that right. The good done to others in the exercise of the duties of charity is, on the contrary, something we take from our own; it is a _gift_; whilst the good done in the name of justice, is always a _debt_. The lowest degree of the duty of charity consists in what are called duties of _kindliness_. =60. Duties of kindliness.=--The first step to arrive at _doing_ good to men, is to _wish_ them well. _Kindliness_ is the road to _benevolence_. Kindliness is that disposition which induces us to give others pleasure; to rejoice over their good fortune, to make them happy themselves, if not by our own kindnesses, if that is not in our power, at least by outward demonstrations of sympathy and affection. =61. Civility.=--The lowest degree of this virtue, consists in using gentle and amiable manners in our intercourse with others, in not repelling them by a gruff and unsociable disposition; in wounding no one's feelings by the affectation of contempt and raillery, etc. This kind of surface-virtue, which is confined to the outward, is what is called _civility_.