1659. Their essential or typical character does not, however, reside in the blossom, but in the trunk, and that indeed in the root, stalk, and foliage. The question therefore may now be asked, whether in the Epigynes the root, in the Perigynes the stalk, and in the Hypogynes the foliage, be the principal organ. _CLASS VII._ _Root-plants._ 1660. That the Tubulifloræ with superior blossoms and fleshy root are radical plants, admits of being easily demonstrated. The preponderance of the root is evident from its size, its quantity of contained sap, or special chemical ingredients. A root that is rich in sap, and much denser than the stalk, is called a turnip. These plants are thus _turnip-plants_. 1661. Among the Monopetalæ, however, there are napiform roots only in the _Epigynes_, namely, the Syngenesia or salad-plants, and among some _Perigynes_, namely, the Campanuleæ, as well as the Cucurbitaceæ. The Syngenesia are consequently the radical plants. The roots of the Scorzoneræ, Pastinaceæ, Cichoraceæ, and Tussilago or coltsfoot, &c., belong to this class. 1662. That the Scabiosæ and Valerianeæ are directly related to the Syngenesia is likewise indicated by their roots. Unto these succeed in point of structure the Campanulaceæ and the Cucurbitaceæ, which have frequently, too, napiform or turnip-shaped roots. 1663. The number of the Syngenesia is so great that they fill up all the orders of the trunk. In accordance with their whole structure they are obviously the lowest, the stalk being for the most part herbaceous and placed within a circle of radical leaves, but being itself provided with few, imperfect, and scarcely ever pinnate leaves; they have moreover numerous stunted blossoms that are connate with the single or solitary seed, and crowded together, like spadices, grass-spikes, or the fungal pilei, upon a carpoclinium or receptacle. 1664. They are a repetition of the fungi and grasses; of the former in their fleshy root and inflorescence, of the latter likewise in the inflorescence and in the spathoidal root-leaves; above all, in the single large seed, confluent with the ovarium and calyx. The principle of their division must, where it is possible, and for obvious reasons, be drawn from the organs of the trunk. 1665. First order. _Radicariæ parenchymatosæ._--Syngenesia, having radical leaves and uniform florets, tubular or wholly stunted ligular florets--_Cichoraceæ_ and _Thistles_. 1666. Second order. _P. vaginatæ._--Syngenesia, with opposite leaves and different kinds of florets, such as radiated, partly lingual and partly tubular corollæ--_Sunflowers_, _Silphieæ_. 1667. Third order. _R. axonales._--Syngenesia, with alternate leaves and diversified florets--_Anthemideæ_, _Senecionidæ_, _Astereæ_. 1668. Fourth order. _R. florales._--Here the ovarium is no longer dense and confluent with the calyx, and it begins to become trilocular--_Scabiosæ_, _Valerianeæ_, and _Campanulæ_.