Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Laura Wisewell and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC BOTANY, FOR HIGH SCHOOLS AND ELEMENTARY COLLEGE COURSES. BY DOUGLAS HOUGHTON CAMPBELL, PH.D., PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE INDIANA UNIVERSITY. BOSTON, U.S.A.: PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY. 1890. COPYRIGHT, 1890, BY DOUGLAS HOUGHTON CAMPBELL. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TYPOGRAPHY BY J. S. CUSHING & CO., BOSTON, U.S.A. PRESSWORK BY GINN & CO., BOSTON, U.S.A. PREFACE. The rapid advances made in the science of botany within the last few years necessitate changes in the text books in use as well as in methods of teaching. Having, in his own experience as a teacher, felt the need of a book different from any now in use, the author has prepared the present volume with a hope that it may serve the purpose for which it is intended; viz., an introduction to the study of botany for use in high schools especially, but sufficiently comprehensive to serve also as a beginning book in most colleges. It does not pretend to be a complete treatise of the whole science, and this, it is hoped, will be sufficient apology for the absence from its pages of many important subjects, especially physiological topics. It was found impracticable to compress within the limits of a book of moderate size anything like a thorough discussion of even the most important topics of _all_ the departments of botany. As a thorough understanding of the structure of any organism forms the basis of all further intelligent study of the same, it has seemed to the author proper to emphasize this feature in the present work, which is professedly an _introduction_, only, to the science. This structural work has been supplemented by so much classification as will serve to make clear the relationships of different groups, and the principles upon which the classification is based, as well as enable the student to recognize the commoner types of the different groups as they are met with. The aim of this book is not, however, merely the identification of plants. We wish here to enter a strong protest against the only too prevalent idea that the chief aim of botany is the ability to run down a plant by means of an "Analytical Key," the subject being exhausted as soon as the name of the plant is discovered. A knowledge of the plant itself is far more important than its name, however desirable it may be to know the latter.