Avoid impatient vertical pushes; the force must be upward and inward. If a second person is present, he should pull the end of the tongue of the patient out of a corner of his mouth and hold it there, using his handkerchief or piece of cotton rag. This helps to give the air free passage to and from the lungs. * * * * * What causes a great many deaths from drowning? How does a person act when he believes he is drowning? What is he likely to do if a friend swims to his rescue? What may be done if the drowning person keeps still? What, if he becomes frantic? How often does a drowning person generally rise? How long after drowning has a person been resuscitated or brought back to life? What about the doctor? Now, describe very carefully the first step to be taken the instant a drowned person is brought to land. What should be done with his wrist? What next should be done? In what manner and how often should this be done? What is the object of the movement? After freeing the lungs, so far as possible, from water, what is the next step? What should be done with his hands? What of the patient's clothing? What next should be done? Having placed yourself astride the patient's hips, describe what should be done next. What are the next steps? What should be done if a natural gasp is detected? How long should you continue your efforts to restore the patient to life? What should be avoided? What should be done by a spectator, if there be one? Now tell me precisely what to do from the moment a drowned person is taken out of the water until he is resuscitated or it is proven he is beyond help. (The teacher must insist on an answer, correct in every particular, for it is evident that unless he knows every step, the pupil's knowledge is useless.) CHAPTER X ANOTHER METHOD OF TREATMENT IN CASES OF ASPHYXIA FROM DROWNING, CHLOROFORM, COAL-GAS, ETC. The following method is recommended by Marshall Hall, a very high authority on all such questions: “Treat the patient instantly on the spot, in the open air, freely exposing the face, neck, and chest to the breeze except in very cold weather. “In order to clear the throat, place the patient gently on the face, with one wrist under the forehead, that all fluid, and the tongue itself, may fall forward, and leave the entrance into the windpipe free. “To excite respiration, turn the patient slightly on his side, and apply some irritating or stimulating agent to the nostrils, such as hartshorn. “Make the face warm by brisk friction: then dash cold water upon it. “If not successful, lose no time; but, to imitate respiration, place the patient on his face, and turn the body gently, but completely on the side, and a little beyond; then again on the face, and so on, alternately.