treaty of Tilsit (July 7, 1807) raised him to the throne of the new kingdom of Westphalia. There Jerome, though frequently rebuked by the emperor, displayed his fondness for luxury, indulged in numerous _amours_ and ran deeply into debt. In some respects his kingdom benefited by the connexion with France. Feudalism was abolished; the _Code Napoleon_ was introduced; the Jews were freed from repressive laws; and education received some impulse in its higher departments. But the unpopularity of Jerome's rule was shown by the part taken by the peasants in the abortive rising headed by Baron Wilhelm von Dornberg and other Westphalian officers in April 1809. Despite heavy taxation, the state debt increased greatly; and the sending of a contingent to Russia in 1812 brought the state to the verge of bankruptcy. In the early part of that campaign Jerome was entrusted with an important movement which might have brought the southern Russian army into grave danger; on his failure (which was probably due to his lack of energy) the emperor promptly subjected him to the control of Marshal Davout, and Jerome returned to Cassel. In 1813, on the fall of the Napoleonic regime in Germany, Jerome retired to France, and in 1814 spent some time in Switzerland and at Trieste. Returning to France in 1815, he commanded a division on the French left wing at Waterloo and attacked Hougomont with great pertinacity. On Napoleon's second abdication Jerome proceeded to Wurttemberg, was threatened with arrest unless he gave up his wife and child, and was kept under surveillance at Goppingen; finally he was allowed to proceed to Augsburg, and thereafter resided at Trieste, or in Italy or Switzerland. His consort died in 1835. He returned to France in 1847, and after the rise of Louis Napoleon to power, became successively governor of the Invalides, marshal of France and president of the senate. He died on the 24th of June 1860. His children were Jerome Napoleon (see XIV.), Mathilde (see XII.) and Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul (born in 1822); the last was afterwards known as Prince Napoleon (see XI. below) and finally became the heir to the fortunes of the Napoleonic dynasty. The chief works relating to Jerome Bonaparte are: Baron Albert du Casse, _Memoires et correspondance du roi Jerome et de la reine Catherine_ (7 vols., Paris, 1861-1866) and _Les Rois freres de Napoleon_ (1883); M.M. Kaisenberg, _Konig Jerome Napoleon_; W.T.R. Saffell, _The Bonaparte-Patterson Marriage_; August von Schlossberger, _Briefwechsel der Konigin Katharina und des Konigs Jerome von Westfalen mit Konig Friedrich von Wurttemberg_ (Stuttgart, 1886-1887), supplemented by du Casse in _Corresp. inedite de la reine Catherine de Westphalie_ (Paris, 1888-1893); A. Martinet, _Jerome Napoleon, roi de Westfalie_ (Paris, 1902); P.W. Sergeant, _The Burlesque Napoleon_ (1905); F. Masson, _Napoleon et sa famille_ (4 vols., Paris, 1897-1900). (J. Hl. R.)