made to replace the names connoting mythological and pagan ideas by the names of apostles, saints, popes, bishops, and other dignitaries of the church, &c. Aries became St Peter; Taurus, St Andrew; Andromeda, the Holy Sepulchre; Lyra, the Manger; Canis major, David; and so on. This innovation (with which the introduction of the twelve apostles into the solar zodiac by the Venerable Bede may be compared) was shortlived. According to Charles Hutton [_Math. Dict._ i. 328 (1795)] the editions published in 1654 and 1661 had reverted to the Greek names; on the other hand, Camille Flammarion (_Popular Astronomy_, p. 375) quotes an illuminated folio of 1661, which represents "the sky delivered from pagans and peopled with Christians." A similar confusion was attempted by E. Weigelius, who sought to introduce a _Coelum heraldicum_, in which the constellations were figured as the arms or insignia of European dynasties, and by symbols of commerce. [Illustration: PLATE I. CONSTELLATIONS OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE.] [Illustration: PLATE II. CONSTELLATIONS OF THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.] CONSTELLATION +----------------+---------------------+------------------------+-----------------------+-------------------+ | Modern. | Ptolemy. [Greek] | Ulugh Beg. | Tycho Brahe. | Meaning. | +----------------+---------------------+------------------------+-----------------------+-------------------+ | | | Northern constellations (21). | | ----------------------------- | | | | Ursa minor Arktou mikras Stellae Ursi minoris Ursa minor, Cynosura Little Bear | | asterismhost | | | | Ursa major Arktou megales a. S. Ursi majoris Ursa major, Helice Great Bear | | | | Draco Drakontos a. S. Draconis Draco Dragon | | | | Cepheus Kepheos a. S. Cephei Cepheus Cepheus | | | | Booetes Bootou a. S. Vociferatoris Booetes, Arctophylax Ploughman |