(1903), and _The Cult of the Heavenly Twins_ (1906); the histories of Rome, Persia, Crusades, Mongols, &c.; Rubens Duval, _Histoire politique, religieuse et littéraire d'Édesse jusqu'à la première croisade_ (1892), a useful compilation reprinted from the _Journ. As._; the excellent article by E. Meyer in Pauly-Wissowa, _Realencyclopädie_, 1933-1938. Topography: J.S. Buckingham, _Travels in Mesopotamia_ (1827); E. Sachau, _Reise in Syrien u. Mesopotamien_ (1883), 189-210; cf. Duval, _op. cit._ chap, i.; C. Ritter, _Erdkunde_, xi. 315-356. Map of town in Niebuhr, _Voyage en Arabie_, reproduced with modifications in Wright, _Chron. Josh. Styl._; also a map in Reclus, _Univ. Geog._ ix. 232. Four pictures of the town in Burkitt, _Early East. Christ._ (H. W. H.) FOOTNOTES: [1] So Appian, _Syr._ 57; cp. Steph. Byz., s.v. [Greek: Edessa: dia tên tôn hudatôn rhumên.] [2] Steph. Byz., s.v. [Greek: Batnai]. [3] Dio, _passim._ [4] Isidore Charac. 1 (Müller, _Geog. Gr. Min._, i. 246). [5] Several times in Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ [6] _CIL._ vi. 1797. [7] _Hist. Osrhoena et Edessena_, p. 33. [8] Written [Greek: Osroês] in Dio Cassius, _Excerpta_, lxviii. 22. [9] See the reff. collected by M. Streck, _M.V.G._, 1906. The name occurs in the same company in the fragmentary tablet K. 1904. The mountain Ru-u-[a], mentioned thrice by Tiglath-pileser IV., is placed by Billerbeck near Hamadan (_Sandschak Suleimania_, 82, 86, and map, 1898). [10] See further Payne Smith, _Thesaurus_ 110 b. [11] In translating from the Greek; also in Ephraim (Duval, _Hist._ 22, n. 4) and the Acts of Sharbil (Cureton, _Anc. Syr. Doc._ 41). [12] On a possible restoration under the name of "Antioch on the Callirrhoe" see above. [13] The Edessans used to call their town "the city," or "the daughter," "of the Parthians" (Cureton, _Anc. Syr. Doc._, 41 ult., 97 l. 7; 106 l. 12). [14] The portion of the Mesopotamian steppe under Osrhoënic influence was, according to Nöldeke (_Zeitsch. Ass._ xxi. 153, 1908), called 'Arabh in Syriac. [15] The inscription, which is difficult to read, connects the structure with Shalmat the queen, daughter of Ma'nu, who cannot be identified with certainty, and refers to some image(s), which probably excited the pious vandalism of the Arabs. [16] Nebo and Bel (_Doctr. Addai_, 31) may come from the Old Testament (Burkitt). [17] _S.B.A.W._, 1904, 910 ff. [18] So, e.g. F.C. Burkitt, _Early Eastern Christianity_, 72. [19] Marquart, _Ostasiat. und osteurop. Streitzüge_, 292 ff. [20] Marquart, _op. cit._ [21] Some one found time, however, to produce the oldest _dated_ MS. of a portion of the Bible in any language. [22] The counts were: Baldwin I. (1098), Baldwin II. (1100), Joscelin I. (1119), Joscelin II. (1131-1147).