Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net Transcriber's notes: (1) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective paragraphs. (2) The following typographical error has been corrected: Article ENGLISH FINANCE: "Almost at the opening of the age of parliamentary taxation one of the older sources of revenue ceased. The pressure of popular opinion forced Edward I. to decree the expulsion of the Jews (1290), though he naturally desired to retain such profitable subjects." 'opinion' amended from 'opinon'. ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION ELEVENTH EDITION VOLUME IX, SLICE IV England to English Finance ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE: ENGLAND ENGLEWOOD ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF ENGLISH CHANNEL ENGLEFIELD, SIR FRANCIS ENGLISH FINANCE ENGLEHEART, GEORGE ENGLAND. Geographical usage confines to the southern part of the island of Great Britain the name commonly given to the great insular power of western Europe.[1] In this restricted sense the present article deals with England, the predominant partner in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, both as containing the seat of government and in respect of extent, population and wealth. 1. TOPOGRAPHY. England extends from the mouth of the Tweed in 55° 46' N. to Lizard Point in 49° 57' 30" N., in a roughly triangular form. The base of the triangle runs from the South Foreland to Land's End W. by S., a distance of 316 m. in a straight line, but 545 m. following the larger curves of the coast. The east coast runs N.N.W. from the South Foreland to Berwick, a distance of 348 m., or, following the coast, 640 m. The west coast runs N.N.E. from Land's End to the head of Solway Firth, a distance of 354 m., or following the much-indented coast, 1225 m. The total length of the coast-line may be put down as 2350 m.,[2] out of which 515 m. belong to the western principality of Wales.[3] The most easterly point is at Lowestoft, 1° 46' E., the most westerly is Land's End, in 5° 43' W. The coasts are nowhere washed directly by the ocean, except in the extreme south-west; the south coast faces the English Channel, which is bounded on the southern side by the coast of France, the two shores converging from 100 m. apart at the Lizard to 21 at Dover. The east coast faces the shallow North Sea, which widens from the point where it joins the Channel to 375 m. off the mouth of the Tweed, the opposite shores being occupied in succession by France, Belgium, Holland, Germany and Denmark. The west coast faces the Irish Sea, with a width varying from 45 to 130 m.