distinguished as a textual critic; the versatile Theodorus Metochites, and others. Jurisprudence. Originally, as is well known, Latin was the exclusive language of Roman law. But with Justinian, who codified the laws in his _Corpus juris_, the Hellenizing of the legal language also began. The _Institutes_ and the _Digest_ were translated into Greek, and the _Novels_ also were issued in a Greek form. Under the Macedonian dynasty there began, after a long stagnation, the resuscitation of the code of Justinian. The emperor Basilius I. (867-886) had extracts made from the existing law, and made preparations for the codifying of all laws. But the whole work was not completed till the time of Leo VI. the Wise (886-912), and Constantine VII. Porphyrogenitus (912-959), when it took the form of a grand compilation from the _Digests_, the _Codex_, and the _Novels_, and is commonly known as the _Basilica_ ([Greek: Ta basilika]). In the East it completely superseded the old Latin _Corpus juris_ of Justinian. More that was new was produced, during the Byzantine period, in canon law than in secular legislation. The purely ecclesiastical rules of law, the _Canones_, were blended with those of civil law, and thus arose the so-called _Nomocanon_, the most important edition of which is that of Theodorus Bestes in 1090. The alphabetical handbook of canon law written by Matthaeus Blastares about the year 1335 also exercised a great influence. Mathematics and astronomy. In the province of mathematics and astronomy the remarkable fact must be recorded that the revival among the Greeks of these long-forgotten studies was primarily due to Perso-Arabian influence. The _Great Syntaxis_ of Ptolemy operated in the oriental guise of the _Almagest_. The most important direct source of this intellectual loan was not Arabia, however, but Persia. Towards the close of the 13th century the Greeks became acquainted with Persian astronomy. At the beginning of the 14th century Georgius Chrysococca and Isaac Argyrus wrote astronomical treatises based on Persian works. Then the Byzantines themselves, notably Theodorus Metochites and Nicephorus Gregoras, at last had recourse to the original Greek sources. Military science. The Byzantines did much independent work in the field of military science. The most valuable work of the period on this subject is one on tactics, which has come down to posterity associated with the name of Leo VI., the Wise. Profane poetry. Of profane poetry--in complete contrast to sacred poetry--the general characteristic was its close imitation of the antique in point of form. All works belonging to this category reproduce the ancient style and are framed after ancient models. The metre is, for the most part, either the Byzantine regular twelve-syllable trimeter, or the "political" verse; more rarely the heroic and Anacreontic measures. Epic.