See C. Revillout, _Etude hist. et litt. sur la vita sancti Willelmi_ (Montpellier, 1876); W. J. A. Jonckbloet, _Guillaume d'Orange_ (2 vols., 1854, The Hague); L. Clarus (ps. for W. Volk), _Herzog Wilhelm von Aquitanien_ (Munster, 1865); P. Paris, _in Hist. litt. de la France_ (vol. xxii., 1852); L. Gautier, _Epopees francaises_ (vol. iv., 2nd ed., 1882); R. Weeks, _The newly discovered Chancun de Willame_ (Chicago, 1904); A. Thomas, _Etudes romanes_ (Paris, 1891), on Vivien; L. Saltet, "S. Vidian de Martres-Tolosanes" in _Bull. de litt. eccles._ (Toulouse, 1902); P. Becker, _Die altfrz. Wilhelmsage u. ihre Beziehung zu Wilhelm dem Heiligen_ (Halle, 1896), and _Der sudfranzosische Sagenkreis und seine Probleme_ (Halle, 1898); A. Jeanroy, "Etudes sur le cycle de Guillaume au court nez" (in _Romania_, vols. 25 and 26, 1896-1897); H. Suchier, "Recherches sur ... Guillaume d'Orange" (in _Romania_, vol. 32, 1903). The conclusions arrived at by earlier writers are combated by Joseph Bedier in the first volume, "Le Cycle de Guillaume d'Orange" (1908), of his _Legendes epiques_, in which he constructs a theory that the cycle of Guillaume d'Orange grew up round the various shrines on the pilgrim route to Saint Gilles of Provence and Saint James of Compostella--that the _chansons de geste_ were, in fact, the product of 11th and 12th century trouveres, exploiting local ecclesiastical traditions, and were not developed from earlier poems dating back perhaps to the lifetime of Guillaume of Toulouse, the saint of Gellone. FOOTNOTE: [1] The poem of _Aymeri de Narbonne_ contains the account of the young Aymeri's brilliant capture of Narbonne, which he then receives as a fief from Charlemagne, of his marriage with Ermenjart, sister of Boniface, king of the Lombards, and of their children. The fifth daughter, Blanchefleur, is represented as the wife of Louis the Pious. The opening of this poem furnished, though indirectly, the matter of the _Aymerillot_ of Victor Hugo's _Legende des siecles_.