Although the sequences of Notker and his school, which then rapidly
passed into most German, French and British Missals, were not
metrical, the art of "assonance" was much practised in them. Many of
those in the Sarum and French Missals have every verse, and even every
clause or division of a verse, ending with the same vowel "a"--perhaps
with some reference to the terminal letter of "Alleluia." Artifices
such as these naturally led the way to the adaptation of the same kind
of composition to regular metre and fully developed rhyme. Neale's
full and large collection, and the second volume of Daniel's
_Thesaurus_, contain numerous examples, both of the "proses," properly
so called, of the Notkerian type, and of those of the later school,
which (from the religious house to which its chief writer belonged)
has been called "Victorine." Most Missals appear to have contained
some of both kinds. In the majority of those from which Neale's
specimens are taken, the metrical kind largely prevailed; but in some
(e.g. those of Sarum and Liége) the greater number were Notkerian.
Of the sequence on the Holy Ghost, sent by Notker (according to
Ekkehard) to Charles the Bald, Neale says that it "was in use all over
Europe, even in those countries, like Italy and Spain, which usually
rejected sequences"; and that, "in the Missal of Palencia, the priest
was ordered to hold a white dove in his hands, while intoning the first
syllables, and then to let it go." Another of the most remarkable of
Notker's sequences, beginning "Media in vita" ("In the midst of life we
are in death"), is said to have been suggested to him while observing
some workmen engaged in the construction of a bridge over a torrent near
his monastery. Catherine Winkworth (_Christian Singers of Germany_,
1869) states that this was long used as a battle-song, until the custom
was forbidden, on account of its being supposed to exercise a magical
influence. A translation of it ("Mitten wir im Leben sind") is one of
Luther's funeral hymns; and all but the opening sentence of that part of
the burial service of the Church of England which is directed to be
"said or sung" at the grave, "while the corpse is made ready to be laid
into the earth," is taken from it.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
Reviews
Reviews
No reviews yet
Be the first to share your thoughts on this work.
Elsewhere in the archive
Join the Discussion
Join the discussion
Sign in to leave a comment or review.
Sign InorCreate an account