Transcriber's notes: (1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an underscore, like C_n. (2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in superscript. (3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective paragraphs. (4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not inserted. (5) [root] stands for the root symbol; [alpha], [beta], etc. for greek letters. (6) The following typographical errors have been corrected: ARTICLE ICHTHYOLOGY: "Within it in Neoceratodus are a number of longitudinal rows of pocket valves." 'longitudinal' amended from 'longtitudinal'. ARTICLE IDEALISM: "... the systems of impious and profane persons which exclude all freedom, intelligence, and design from the formation of things, and instead thereof make a self-existent ..." 'freedom' amended from 'freeedom'. ARTICLE ILLINOIS: "An anti-trust law of 1893 exempted from the definition of trust combinations those formed by producers of agricultural products and live stock, but the United States Supreme Court in 1902 declared the statute unconstitutional as class legislation." 'United' amended from 'Untied'. ARTICLE IMAM: "... Juynboll's De Mohammedanische Wet, 316 seq. ..." 'Mohammedanische' amended from 'Mohammedaanische'. ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION ELEVENTH EDITION VOLUME XIV, SLICE III Ichthyology to Independence ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE: