JANSSEN, or JANSEN (sometimes JOHNSON), CORNELIUS (1593-1664), Flemish painter, was apparently born in London, and baptized on the 14th of October 1593. There seems no reason to suppose, as was formerly stated, that he was born at Amsterdam. He worked in England from 1618 to 1643, and afterwards retired to Holland, working at Middelburg, Amsterdam, The Hague and Utrecht, and dying at one of the last two places about 1664. In England he was patronized by James I. and the court, and under Charles I. he continued to paint the numerous portraits which adorn many English mansions and collections. Janssen's pictures, chiefly portraits, are distinguished by clear colouring, delicate touch, good taste and careful finish. He generally painted upon panel, and often worked on a small scale, sometimes producing replicas of his larger works. A characteristic of his style is the very dark background, which throws the carnations of his portraits into rounded relief. In all probability his earliest portrait (1618) was that of John Milton as a boy of ten. JANSSEN, JOHANNES (1820-1891), German historian, was born at Xanten on the 10th of April 1829, and was educated as a Roman Catholic at Münster, Louvain, Bonn and Berlin, afterwards becoming a teacher of history at Frankfort-on-the-Main. He was ordained priest in 1860; became a member of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies in 1875; and in 1880 was made domestic prelate to the pope and apostolic pronotary. He died at Frankfort on the 24th of December 1891. Janssen was a stout champion of the Ultramontane party in the Roman Catholic Church. His great work is his _Geschichte des deutschen Volkes seit dem Ausgang des Mittelalters_ (8 vols., Freiburg, 1878-1894). In this book he shows himself very hostile to the Reformation, and attempts to prove that the Protestants were responsible for the general unrest in Germany during the 16th and 17th centuries. The author's partisanship led to some controversy, and Janssen wrote _An meine Kritiker_ (Freiburg, 1882) and _Ein zweites Wort an meine Kritiker_ (Freiburg, 1883) in reply to the _Janssens Geschichte des deutschen Volkes_ (Munich, 1883) of M. Lenz, and other criticisms. The _Geschichte_, which has passed through numerous editions, has been continued and improved by Ludwig Pastor, and the greater part of it has been translated into English by M. A. Mitchell and A. M. Christie (London, 1896, fol.). Of his other works perhaps the most important are: the editing of _Frankfurts Reichskorrespondenz, 1376-1519_ (Freiburg, 1863-1872); and of the _Leben, Briefe und kleinere Schriften_ of his friend J. F. Böhmer (Leipzig, 1868); a monograph, _Schiller als Historiker_ (Freiburg, 1863); and _Zeit- und Lebensbilder_ (Freiburg, 1875). See L. Pastor, _Johannes Janssen_ (Freiburg, 1893); F. Meister, _Erinnerung an Johannes Janssen_ (Frankfort, 1896); Schwann, _Johannes Janssen und die Geschichte der deutschen Reformation_ (Munich, 1892).