After the destruction of the Temple (A.D. 70) the liturgical use of the name ceased, but the tradition was perpetuated in the schools of the rabbis.[5] It was certainly known in Babylonia in the latter part of the 4th century,[6] and not improbably much later. Nor was the knowledge confined to these pious circles; the name continued to be employed by healers, exorcists and magicians, and has been preserved in many places in magical papyri. The vehemence with which the utterance of the name is denounced in the Mishna--"He who pronounces the Name with its own letters has no part in the world to come!"[7]--suggests that this misuse of the name was not uncommon among Jews. The Samaritans, who otherwise shared the scruples of the Jews about the utterance of the name, seem to have used it in judicial oaths to the scandal of the rabbis.[8] The early Christian scholars, who inquired what was the true name of the God of the Old Testament, had therefore no great difficulty in getting the information they sought. Clement of Alexandria (d. c. 212) says that it was pronounced [Greek: Iaoue].[9] Epiphanius (d. 404), who was born in Palestine and spent a considerable part of his life there, gives [Greek: Iabe] (one cod. [Greek: Iaue]).[10] Theodoret (d. c. 457),[11] born in Antioch, writes that the Samaritans pronounced the name [Greek: Iabe] (in another passage, [Greek: Iabai]), the Jews [Greek: Aia].[12] The latter is probably not Jhvh but _Ehyeh_ (Exod. iii. 14), which the Jews counted among the names of God; there is no reason whatever to imagine that the Samaritans pronounced the name Jhvh differently from the Jews. This direct testimony is supplemented by that of the magical texts, in which [Greek: Iabe zebyth] (Jahveh Sebaoth), as well as [Greek: Iaba], occurs frequently.[13] In an Ethiopic list of magical names of Jesus, purporting to have been taught by him to his disciples, _Yawe_ is found.[14] Finally, there is evidence from more than one source that the modern Samaritan priests pronounce the name _Yahweh_ or _Yahwa_.[15] There is no reason to impugn the soundness of this substantially consentient testimony to the pronunciation Yahweh or Jahveh, coming as it does through several independent channels. It is confirmed by grammatical considerations. The name Jhvh enters into the composition of many proper names of persons in the Old Testament, either as the initial element, in the form Jeho- or Jo- (as in Jehoram, Joram), or as the final element, in the form _-jahu_ or _-jah_ (as in Adonijahu, Adonijah). These various forms are perfectly regular if the divine name was Yahweh, and, taken altogether, they cannot be explained on any other hypothesis. Recent scholars, accordingly, with but few exceptions, are agreed that the ancient pronunciation of the name was Yahweh (the first h sounded at the end of the syllable).