In view of the numerous articles in this work dealing with biblical subjects,[5] the present sketch is limited to the outlines of the traditional history; the religious aspect in its bearing upon biblical theology (which is closely bound up with the traditions) is handled separately under HEBREW RELIGION. The related literature is enormous (see the bibliographies to the special articles); it is indexed annually in _Orientalische Bibliographie_ (Berlin), and is usefully summarized in the _Theologische Jahresbericht_ (Berlin). On the development of the study of biblical history see C. A. Briggs, _Study of Holy Scripture_ (1899), especially ch. xx. The first scientific historical work was by H. Ewald, _Gesch. d. Volkes Israel_ (1843; 3rd ed., 1864-1868; Eng. trans., 1869-1883), popularized by Arthur Penrhyn Stanley in his _Hist. of the Jewish Church_ (1863-1879). The works of J. Wellhausen (especially _Prolegomena to the Hist. of Israel_, Eng. trans., 1885, also the brilliant article "Israel" in the 9th ed. of the _Ency. Brit._, 1879) were epoch-making; his position was interpreted to English readers by W. Robertson Smith (_Old Test. in Jewish Church_, 1881, 2nd ed., 1892; _Prophets of Israel_, 1882, 2nd ed. by T. K. Cheyne, 1902). The historical (and related) works of T. K. Cheyne, H. Graetz, H. Guthe, F. C. Kent, A. Kittel, W. H. Kosters, A. Kuenen, C. Piepenbring, and especially B. Stade, although varying greatly in standpoint, are among the most valuable by recent scholars; H. P. Smith's _Old Test. Hist._ ("International Theological Library," Edinburgh, 1903) is in many respects the most serviceable and complete study; a modern and more critical "Ewald" is a desideratum. For the works of numerous other scholars who have furthered Old Testament research in the past it must suffice to refer to the annotated list by J. M. P. Smith, _Books for O.T. Study_ (Chicago, 1908).