BIBLIOGRAPHY.--Schiemann, _Russland, Polen und Livland bis ins 17te Jahrhundert_ (2 vols., Berlin, 1886-1887); S. Daukantas, _Lietuvos Istorija_ (Plymouth, Pa., 1893); J. de Brye, _Étude historique sur la Lithuanie_ (Paris, 1894); P. D. Bryantsev, _Istorija Litovskago Gosudarstva_ (Vilna, 1899). (P. A. K.) _Language and Literature._--The Lithuanian, Lettic or Lettish and Borussian or Old Prussian languages together constitute a distinct linguistic subdivision, commonly called the Baltic subdivision, within the Indo-European family. They have many affinities to the Slavonic languages, and are sometimes included with them in a single linguistic group, the Balto-Slavic. In their phonology, however, though not in their structure the Baltic languages appear to be more primitive than the Slavonic. Lithuanian, for example, retains the archaic diphthongs which disappear in Slavonic--Lith. _véidas_, "face," Gr. [Greek: eidos], O.S. _vidu_. Among other noteworthy phonological characteristics of Lithuanian are the conversion of _k_ into a sibilant, the loss of _h_ and change of all aspirates into tenues and the retention of primitive consonantal noun-terminations, e.g. the final _s_ in Sans. _Vrkás_, Lith. _vilkas_, O.S. _vulku_. Lettic is phonologically less archaic than Lithuanian, although in a few cases it has preserved Indo-European forms which have been changed in Lithuanian, e.g. the _s_ and _z_ which have become Lith. _sz_ (_sh_) and _z_ (_zh_). The accent in Lithuanian is free; in Lettic, and apparently in Old Prussian, it ultimately became fixed on the first syllable.