LIVIA DRUSILLA LOCRI (people of ancient Greece) LIVINGSTON, EDWARD LOCRI (Italian city) LIVINGSTON, ROBERT R. LÖCSE LIVINGSTON, WILLIAM LOCUS LIVINGSTONE, DAVID LOCUST LIVINGSTONE MOUNTAINS LOCUST-TREE LIVIUS ANDRONICUS LODÈVE LIVNO LODGE, EDMUND LIVONIA LODGE, HENRY CABOT LIVY LODGE, SIR OLIVER JOSEPH LIZARD LODGE, THOMAS LIZARD POINT LODGE LJUNGGREN, GUSTAF HÅKAN JORDAN LODGER AND LODGINGS LLAMA LODI LLANBERIS LODZ LLANDAFF LOESS LLANDEILO GROUP LOFFT, CAPEL LLANDILO LOFOTEN AND VESTERAALEN LLANDOVERY LOFT LLANDOVERY GROUP LOFTUS, ADAM LLANDRINDOD LOG LLANDUDNO LOGAN, JOHN (American Indian chief) LLANELLY LOGAN, JOHN (Scottish poet) LLANES LOGAN, JOHN ALEXANDER LLANGOLLEN LOGAN, SIR WILLIAM EDMOND LLANQUIHUE LOGAN (Utah, U.S.A.) LLANTRISANT LOGANSPORT LLANTWIT MAJOR LOGAR LIQUID GASES.[1] Though Lavoisier remarked that if the earth were removed to very cold regions of space, such as those of Jupiter or Saturn, its atmosphere, or at least a portion of its aeriform constituents, would return to the state of liquid (_Oeuvres_, ii. 805), the history of the liquefaction of gases may be said to begin with the observation made by John Dalton in his essay "On the Force of Steam or Vapour from Water and various other Liquids" (1801): "There can scarcely be a doubt entertained respecting the reducibility of all elastic fluids of whatever kind into liquids; and we ought not to despair of effecting it in low temperatures and by strong pressures exerted on the unmixed gases." It was not, however, till 1823 that the question was investigated by systematic experiment. In that year Faraday, at the suggestion of Sir Humphry Davy, exposed hydrate of chlorine to heat under pressure in the laboratories of the Royal Institution. He placed the substance at the end of one arm of a bent glass tube, which was then hermetically sealed, and decomposing it by heating to 100° F., he saw a yellow liquid distil to the end of the other arm. This liquid he surmised to be chlorine separated from the water by the heat and "condensed into a dry fluid by the mere pressure of its own abundant vapour," and he verified his surmise by compressing chlorine gas, freed from water by exposure to sulphuric acid, to a pressure of about four atmospheres, when the same yellow fluid was produced (_Phil. Trans._, 1823, 113, pp. 160-165).