Louis Billot S.J., _De sacra traditione_ (Freiburg i. Br. 1905), the ablest of the scholastic criticisms of the historical method by a highly influential French professor of theology, now many years in Rome; _Quello che vogliamo_ (Rome, 1907, Eng. trans., What we want, by A. L. Lilley, London, 1907), and _Il Programma dei Modernisti_ (ibid. 1908), Eng. trans., _The Programme of Modernism_ ed. by Lilley (London, eloquent 1098), pleadings by Italian priest, substantially on M. Loisy's lines; "L'Abate Loisy e il Problema dei Vangeli Sinottici," four long papers signed "H." in _Il Rinnovamento_ (Milan, 1908, 1909) are candid and circumspect. Germany: Professor E. Troeltsch, "Was heisst Wesen des Christentums?" 6 arts. in _Die christliche Welt_ (Leipzig, autumn 1903), a profound criticism of M. Loisy's developmental defence of Catholicism; Professor Harnack's review of _L'Évangile et l'Église_ in the _Theol. Literatur-Zeitung_ (Leipzig, 23rd January 1904) is generous and interesting; Professor H. J. Holtzmann's "Urchristentum u. Reform-Katholizismus," in the _Prot. Monatshefte_, vii. 5 (Berlin, 1903), "Der Fall Loisy," ibid. ix. 1, and his review of "Les Évangiles synoptiques" in _Das zwanzigste Jahrhundert_ (Munich, May 3, 1908) are full of facts and of deep thought; Fr. F. von Hummelauer, _Exegetisches zur Inspirationsfrage_ (Freiburg i. Br. 1904) is a favourable specimen of present-day German Roman Catholic scholarship. America: Professor C. A. Briggs, "The Case of the Abbé Loisy," _Expositor_ (London, April 1905), and C. A. Briggs and F. von Hügel, _The Papal Commission and the Pentateuch_ (London, 1907) discuss Rome's attitude towards biblical science. England: The Rev. T. A. Lacey's _Harnack and Loisy_, with introduction by Viscount Halifax (London, 1904); "The Encyclical and M. Loisy" (_Church Times_, Feb. 20, 1908); "Recent Roman Catholic Biblical Criticism" (_The Times Literary Supplement_ for January 15th, 22nd, 29th, 1904), and "The Synoptic Gospels" (review in _The Times Literary Supplement_, March 26, 1908) are interesting pronouncements respectively of two Tractarian High Churchmen and of a disciple of Canon Sanday. Professor Percy Gardner's paper in the _Hibbert Journal_, vol. i. (1903) p. 603, is the work of a Puritan-minded, cultured Broad Church layman. (F. v. H.)