Transcriber's notes: (1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an underscore, like C_n. (2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in superscript. (3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective paragraphs. (4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not inserted. (5) [root] stands for the root symbol; [alpha], [beta], etc. for greek letters. (6) The following typographical errors have been corrected: ARTICLE LOTHAIR I.: "He was alternately master of the Empire, and banished and confined to Italy; at one time taking up arms in alliance with his brothers and at another fighting against them ..." 'alternately' amended from 'alternetely'. ARTICLE LOTI, PIERRE: "He proceeded to the South Seas, and on leaving Tahiti published the Polynesian idyll, originally called Rarahu (1880) ..." 'idyll' amended from 'idyl'. ARTICLE LOUIS XIV.: "His numerous descendants seemed at one time to place the succession beyond all difficulty." 'beyond' amended from 'beyong'. ARTICLE LOUVET DE COUVRAI, JEAN BAPTISTE: "They were mainly written in the various hiding-places in which Louvet took refuge, and they give a vivid picture of the sufferings of the proscribed Girondists." 'took' amended from 'rook'. ARTICLE LUGO: "The bishopric dates from a very early period, and it is said to have acquired metropolitan rank in the middle of the 6th century; it is now in the archiepiscopal province of Santiago de Compostela." 'is' amended from 'it'. THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA ELEVENTH EDITION FIRST edition, published in three volumes, 1768-1771. SECOND " " ten " 1777-1784. THIRD " " eighteen " 1788-1797. FOURTH " " twenty " 1801-1810. FIFTH " " twenty " 1815-1817. SIXTH " " twenty " 1823-1824. SEVENTH " " twenty-one " 1830-1842. EIGHTH " " twenty-two " 1853-1860. NINTH " " twenty-five " 1875-1889. TENTH " ninth edition and eleven supplementary volumes, 1902-1903. ELEVENTH " published in twenty-nine volumes, 1910-1911. COPYRIGHT in all countries subscribing to the Bern Convention by THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS of the UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE _All rights reserved_ THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION ELEVENTH EDITION VOLUME XVII LORD CHAMBERLAIN to MECKLENBURG New York Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 342 Madison Avenue Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910, by The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.