Other men, such as Tabari, the historian and commentator, have had
dreams that they, too, might join the Four Imams (see IMAM) as
founders of legal rites, but none has succeeded. The Four remain the
ultimate exponents of this canon law, and under the banner of one or
other of them every Moslem must range himself. As there is a principle
of unity in Islam, expressed in the alleged prophetic saying, "My
people will never agree in an error," so there is a principle of
variety, also expressed in an alleged prophetic saying, "The
disagreement of my people is a mercy from God." The four rites may
differ upon many points, yet the adherents of one never dream of
regarding the adherents of the others as outside the Church of Islam;
they are not "dissenters" in the English sense. God is merciful to his
creatures, and gives them so much liberty of choice. Yet in practice
this liberty is not great. The principle of swearing to the words of
the master is a dead hand laid upon Islam. A man's legal rite is
generally settled by the place and other conditions of his birth, and
after he has once accepted a rite, he must, if good and pious, follow
it in all its details. Only the avowed sceptic or the recognized
eccentric can be an eclectic.
The geographical distribution of the rites is roughly as follows:
Moslems in Central Asia and northern India and the Turks everywhere
are Hanifites; in Lower Egypt, Syria, southern India and the Malay
Archipelago they are Shafi`ites; in Upper Egypt and in north Africa,
west of Egypt, they are Malikites; only the Wahhabis (q.v.) in central
Arabia are Hanbalites. But the will of the sovereign has also had a
powerful influence and has frequently dictated the legal, as well as
the theological, affiliations of his subjects. The Turks, for example,
have thrown their weight almost everywhere on the Hanifite side. Their
policy is to appoint only Hanifite judges (see CADI), although for
private and personal questions they appoint and pay Muftis (q.v.) of
the other rites. In other cases, with a population of mixed legal
adherence, the government has been known to appoint judges of
different rites.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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