the Qadarites with their doctrine of free-will, and the Jabarites, who are necessitarians; (2) the Sifatites, who maintain the eternal nature of the attributes of God, and the Mu`tazilites, who deny it; (3) the Murjiites, who postpone judgment of actions until the Last Day, and the Wa`idites, who condemn in this life; (4) the Kharijites, who consider the caliphate a human institution, and the Shi`ites, who deify their ruler. In his detailed treatment of the sects Shahrastani arranged them under the headings: Mu`tazilites, Jabarites, Sifatites, Kharijites, Murjiites and Shi`ites. About the same time as Shahrastani two other Arabian writers wrote on the sects--Tahir ul-Isfaraini (d. 1078), whose MS. is in the Berlin library, and `Abd ul-Qadir ul-Jilani (1078-1166) in his _Kitab ul-Ghaniyya li-Talibi Tariq il-Haqqi_ (Cairo, 1871). Both adopt as main classes Rafidites (or Shi`ites), Qadarites (or Mu`tazilites), Kharijites, Murjiites, Najjarites, Dirarites, Jahmites, Mushabbiha, to which Tahir adds Bakrites, Karramites, and a class including those sects which are not reckoned as Moslem though they have sprung from Islam. Jilani adds to the eight the Kilabites. The following list is not a complete list of names of sects but is founded on that of Shahrastani.[5] _Aftahites._--Shi`ites of the Imamite class, who ascribe the imamate to `Abdallah ul-Aftahi, the son of Sadiq. _Ajarida._--Kharijites, followers of Ibn `Ajarrad, who agreed for the most part with the Najadat (below), considered grave sins as equivalent to unbelief, but remained friendly with those who professed Islam but did not fight for it. They rejected _sura_ 7 as a fable. Shahrastani enumerates seven divisions of this sect. _Akhnasites._--A section of the Tha`aliba not so strict in treatment of those who fear to fight for Islam. _Ash`arites._--Followers of Ash`ari (q.v.) who are counted by Shahrastani among the Sifatites. _Atrafites._--A division of the `Ajarida who agree with the Hamzites except that they excuse the lower classes for inaction when they are ignorant of the law. _Azraqites._--Kharijites who followed al-Azraq in the days of Ibn Zubair. They held `Ali to be an unbeliever; those who did not fight were unbelievers; the children of unbelievers were to be put to death and went to hell. Sin is unbelief. _Bahshamites._--Mu`tazilites akin to the Jubba`ites. _Baihasites._--Kharijites, followers of Abu Baihas ul-Haitham, who was put to death by the caliph Walid. They asserted the necessity of knowledge for religion. _Baqirites._--Shi`ites who followed Abu Ja`far ul-Baqir, the fifth imam, and looked for his return. _Batinites._--Isma`ilites, so called because they believe that every external has an internal (_batin_), and every passage in the Koran has an allegoric meaning.